-pa

Definition:

At, on, in a place or a thing.

Function:

Locative case. Attach to nouns.

Examples:

  1. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
  2. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’;
  3. ittáwax̣na Ímatalampa ‘she grew up at Umatilla’;
  4. ačanam kú ttáwax̣na nč̓ípa ataymat̓áwaspa ‘because he grew up in the big city’;
  5. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
  6. náx̣š waníčt ipáyšta náx̣špa kʷná páx̣ałk̓ʷipa ‘a name will come out on that one Friday’;
  7. ača kú iwačá naknúwiyi šuyapumaamípa ‘because he was taken care of among the white people’;
  8. páwawšpa łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he hit him on the head’;
  9. páwawyana pɨnmipáyn łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he beat him on his head’;
  10. wínax̣anaaš náptipa nɨknípa ‘I used to go at two o’clock’;
  11. mɨ́łpan iwá nɨknípa ‘what time is it?’;
  12. k̓úycipa nɨknípa ‘nine o’clock’;
  13. čná tiičámpa ‘in this land’;
  14. yáƛ̓pitpa tiičámpa ‘in the wetlands’;
  15. páx̣atipa wáwtuktpa ‘on the fifth day’;
  16. tímašpa ‘on paper’;
  17. tkʷátatpa ‘in the food’;
  18. skúulpa ‘at school’;
  19. ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘beautiful in appearance’;
  20. níix̣ q̓ínupa ‘good looking’;
  21. inmípa wiyáx̣ayx̣tpa ‘in my daily living’;
  22. imaamipáyn tɨmnápa ‘in your hearts’;
  23. ánɨmpa ‘in winter’;
  24. wášani k̓úsipa ‘ridden on the horse, on horseback’.
  25. With nominalized verbs:
    1. ataš kú wiyákʷštikɨnx̣ana túpan łq̓íwitpa ‘when we used to do wrong in some playing’;
    2. k̓ʷíya iwá páyu núkšitpa ‘valarian smells awful’;
    3. at̓úk iwá x̣nítpa kápɨnki ‘it is hard to dig with the digging stick’;
    4. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ iwáta ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘all will be beautiful to see’.

See more:

[NP /-pe/; probably a grammaticalized extension of PS *pe ‘be situated’.]