26 terms are conjunctions

ača

Definition:

Because.

Function:

Co-occurs with a stressed kú ‘and’.

Examples:

  1. pank̓ú iwá at̓úk yáx̣tpa ača kú iwá kkɨ́s ‘Hoover’s tauschia are hard to find because they are small’;
  2. kuš áp̓x̣ša ačaš kú wačá kʷná ‘and I remember because I was there’;
  3. čáwnam šína míš áwɨnta mɨlá ačanam kú wá níix̣ ‘you shouldn’t tell anyone anything bad [i.e., gossip] because you are good’;
  4. iwɨ́šayčta ačataš kú ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayiša sɨ́nwit ‘he will stay because he knows all our language’;
  5. čáwnam ámčni sc̓átpa tkʷátata ača kú iwá átaw mɨškʷyámkt kʷɨ́nki ‘you shouldn’t eat outside at night because the belief about that is important’;
  6. čáwnam tún paníta ačanam kú iníša pɨ́nɨm x̣ʷaamipamánɨm x̣túwit ‘they shouldn’t give you anything because the one above is giving you the power’;
  7. čáwnam mún pináˀanita ašwaníya mɨláyaw táwax̣yaw ku mɨláyaw tawtnúkyaw ačanam kú pináčak̓aywakayiša wiyáx̣ayx̣t ‘you should never make yourself the slave to marijuana and drugs because you will shorten your life’;
  8. ačanam kú ttáwax̣ta kumaš wáta miyánaš ‘because you will grow up you will have a child’.

See more:

[NW anáwx̣it (Jacobs 1931:267); NP /ˀetke/.]

ančí

Concessive clause marker: Even though, although. ančínam áwɨnpa tiičám ku kʷná pawiyánawita ku pawɨ́npta tkʷátat ‘even though you bought your land they will come there and get their food’; ančí áw pɨ́n ínawiya ku čáw kúuš ikʷíya ‘even though he tried he could not do thusly’. [NE ančík; NW wačmáy; NP /ˀnék/ for 1st/2nd person subjects, /ˀnekík/ for 3rd person subjects.]

awáała

Or. In Umatilla ‘or’ is mostly aw k̓ʷáyk̓a áw. See wáała.

áwtya

Now rather, nevertheless, in spite of, notwithstanding. áwtyaš wá áw kúuš púwani miyánaš ‘rather now I thusly have my child cradleboarded’ (Jacobs 1937:3.6.3, pg. 5); áwtya itíwaša tkʷátat ‘the food smells nevertheless’ (Jacobs 1937:6.6.4, pg. 9). [NP /c̓awín/; S áw ‘now’ plus =tya ‘rather’.]

c̓alawí

If. See also páyš. [NP /c̓alawí/.]

háˀay

Unless, until, if. Also pronounced háay. kkɨ́smaaman xúlxulmaaman patášapattawax̣ɨnx̣a háˀay pawɨ́šayčta mɨ́ł šapíinawit ‘they raise small fish until they become however many inches’; čáwpam mún átkʷatata háˀay iwáta pátuki ‘you should never eat them until it is set’; háaynam mún tún pátx̣taymatax̣na kumaš isík̓ʷata kuˀúš iwá winanúut ‘if sometime you could trade me something then I will show you how to swim’. [NE & WS háy; NP /h´q̓o/ (perhaps /hq/ plus intensifier /-ˀu/); cf. Y háaˀay ~ háay ‘must, preferably’.]

ku

Definition:

And, and then, but.

Examples:

  1. iwača xʷɨ́saat ku łmáma ‘there was an old man and an old woman’;
  2. kúuš míimi iwačá ku čikúuk iwá túnx̣ ‘thusly it was long ago but today it is different’;
  3. ana kú iwiyánawiya ku paq̓ínuna paanáy ‘when he arrived they saw him’;
  4. kúuštašta kú wiyánawiya ‘thusly then we arrived’;
  5. nápt ku nápt iwá pínapt ‘two plus two equals four’;
  6. náaptit ku náx̣š ‘twenty one’;

See more:

ača kú ‘because‘;

ana kú ‘when‘;

aw kú ‘then‘;

míš ku amúu ‘certainly!’.

[NP kaa /kaa/; wax̣ /waq/ (usually between nominals).]

Although

ančí ‘even though, although’.

And

ku.

As

ana kúuš ‘like, such as’.

Because

  1. ača kú ‘because’;
  2. ana kú ‘when, if, because’;
  3. kʷɨ́nki ‘with that, about that, because of that’.

But

kutya ‘and rather’.

Concessive

ančí ‘even though, although’.

If

c̓alawí; páyš ‘perhaps, if’.

Like

ana kúuš ‘as, such as’.

See more:

ana ‘relative particle’

Nevertheless

c̓awín ‘anyway, in spite of’; áwtya ‘now rather, in spite of, notwithstanding’.

Or

awk̓ʷáyk̓a áw (also, awáała; wáała; umíš).

ƛ̓á

While. išapáˀat̓iša tkʷátat áyat ƛ̓á ikútkutša wínš ‘the woman is cooking the food while the man is working’. WS – not used in U.

Spite

c̓awín ‘anyway, in spite of, nevertheless’; áwtya ‘now rather, nevertheless, in spite of, notwithstanding’.

Such

ana kúuš ‘like, as, such as’.