Because. Co-occurs with a stressed kú ‘and’: pank̓ú iwá at̓úk yáx̣tpa ača kú iwá kkɨ́s ‘Hoover’s tauschia are hard to find because they are small’; kuš áp̓x̣ša ačaš kú wačá kʷná ‘and I remember because I was there’; čáwnam šína míš áwɨnta mɨlá ačanam kú wá níix̣ ‘you shouldn’t tell anyone anything bad [i.e., gossip] because you are good’; iwɨ́šayčta ačataš kú ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayiša sɨ́nwit ‘he will stay because he knows all our language’; čáwnam ámčni sc̓átpa tkʷátata ača kú iwá átaw mɨškʷyámkt kʷɨ́nki ‘you shouldn’t eat outside at night because the belief about that is important’; čáwnam tún paníta ačanam kú iníša pɨ́nɨm x̣ʷaamipamánɨm x̣túwit ‘they shouldn’t give you anything because the one above is giving you the power’; čáwnam mún pináˀanita ašwaníya mɨláyaw táwax̣yaw ku mɨláyaw tawtnúkyaw ačanam kú pináčak̓aywakayiša wiyáx̣ayx̣t ‘you should never make yourself the slave to marijuana and drugs because you will shorten your life’; ačanam kú ttáwax̣ta kumaš wáta miyánaš ‘because you will grow up you will have a child’. [NW anáwx̣it (Jacobs 1931:267); NP /ˀetke/.]
26 terms are conjunctions
ančí
Concessive clause marker: Even though, although. ančínam áwɨnpa tiičám ku kʷná pawiyánawita ku pawɨ́npta tkʷátat ‘even though you bought your land they will come there and get their food’; ančí áw pɨ́n ínawiya ku čáw kúuš ikʷíya ‘even though he tried he could not do thusly’. [NE ančík; NW wačmáy; NP /ˀnék/ for 1st/2nd person subjects, /ˀnekík/ for 3rd person subjects.]
awáała
Or. In Umatilla ‘or’ is mostly aw k̓ʷáyk̓a áw. See wáała.
áwtya
Now rather, nevertheless, in spite of, notwithstanding. áwtyaš wá áw kúuš púwani miyánaš ‘rather now I thusly have my child cradleboarded’ (Jacobs 1937:3.6.3, pg. 5); áwtya itíwaša tkʷátat ‘the food smells nevertheless’ (Jacobs 1937:6.6.4, pg. 9). [NP /c̓awín/; S áw ‘now’ plus =tya ‘rather’.]
c̓alawí
If. See also páyš. [NP /c̓alawí/.]
háˀay
Unless, until, if. Also pronounced háay. kkɨ́smaaman xúlxulmaaman patášapattawax̣ɨnx̣a háˀay pawɨ́šayčta mɨ́ł šapíinawit ‘they raise small fish until they become however many inches’; čáwpam mún átkʷatata háˀay iwáta pátuki ‘you should never eat them until it is set’; háaynam mún tún pátx̣taymatax̣na kumaš isík̓ʷata kuˀúš iwá winanúut ‘if sometime you could trade me something then I will show you how to swim’. [NE & WS háy; NP /h´q̓o/ (perhaps /hq/ plus intensifier /-ˀu/); cf. Y háaˀay ~ háay ‘must, preferably’.]
ku
And, and then, but. iwača xʷɨ́saat ku łmáma ‘there was an old man and an old woman’; kúuš míimi iwačá ku čikúuk iwá túnx̣ ‘thusly it was long ago but today it is different’; ana kú iwiyánawiya ku paq̓ínuna paanáy ‘when he arrived they saw him’; kúuštašta kú wiyánawiya ‘thusly then we arrived’; nápt ku nápt iwá pínapt ‘two plus two equals four’; náaptit ku náx̣š ‘twenty one’; ača kú ‘because’; ana kú ‘when’; aw kú ‘then’; míš ku amúu ‘certainly!’. [NP kaa /kaa/; wax̣ /waq/ (usually between nominals).]
Although
ančí ‘even though, although’.
And
ku.
As
ana kúuš ‘like, such as’.
Because
ača kú ‘because’; ana kú ‘when, if, because’; kʷɨ́nki ‘with that, about that, because of that’.
But
kutya ‘and rather’.
Concessive
ančí ‘even though, although’.
If
c̓alawí; páyš ‘perhaps, if’.
Like
ana kúuš ‘as, such as’.
Nevertheless
c̓awín ‘anyway, in spite of’; áwtya ‘now rather, in spite of, notwithstanding’.
Or
awk̓ʷáyk̓a áw (also, awáała; wáała; umíš).
ƛ̓á
While. išapáˀat̓iša tkʷátat áyat ƛ̓á ikútkutša wínš ‘the woman is cooking the food while the man is working’. WS – not used in U.
Spite
c̓awín ‘anyway, in spite of, nevertheless’; áwtya ‘now rather, nevertheless, in spite of, notwithstanding’.
Such
ana kúuš ‘like, as, such as’.