pá-

Function:

Inverse. Attaches to the beginning of a verb.

Example:

  1. Semantic inverse (2nd to 1st person transitive action): páwapaatam ‘help me!’;
    1. páyknɨm ‘hear me!’;
    2. pánim táwax̣ ‘give me a smoke!’;
    3. páq̓inušanam ‘you see me’;
    4. kunam pánaknuwiyayita inmíma náymuma ‘and you will take care of my relatives’;
    5. k̓ʷałánam páni ‘glad you have given it to me’ (equals ‘thank you!’);
    6. kunam pánita patún ‘and you will give me things’;
    7. maykʷáaniknam pášapakʷyamta imíin tamánwit ’cause me to believe your law all the more’;
    8. kunam pánimta imíin q̓ʷłtɨ́pwit čná tiičámpa ‘and you will give me your strength in this land’.
  2. Pragmatic inverse (3rd person secondary or nontopic to 3rd person topic transitive action):
    1. natútasayin pátwapaytiša k̓usik̓úsina ‘my father is chasing the horse’;
    2. ku pátamanwiya áwtyanam ímč̓a wáta x̣nít ‘and he ordained her: now you’re also going to be a root’;
    3. nč̓ínč̓imaaman pánaknuwiya ‘he took care of the elders’;
    4. ana kʷiiní pánaknuwiša miyánašmaaman ‘that one which is taking care of the children’;
    5. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ páwɨnpayiša paamanáy ‘he is getting all of theirs’;
    6. pániya wɨłq̓ám ‘he gave him the moccasins’. Used in nominalized complements: átq̓ix̣šanaaš páwilawiix̣tyaw ‘I wanted him to race’;
    7. pasɨ́nwišana pátiwitki ‘they were talking about fighting’;
    8. pasɨ́nwišana páwawyatki ‘they were talking about getting whipped’.
  3. Used derivationally:
    1. pák̓un ‘have a meeting’;
    2. pámaliin ‘have a wedding’;
    3. pánaq̓i ‘converge, come together’;
    4. panaymunáł ‘cold, aloof’;
    5. pánaymuni ‘related’;
    6. pášwin ‘be high priced’;
    7. patanawíix̣n ‘argue’;
    8. pawilawíix̣n ‘race’;
    9. páwiyak̓uk ‘call a meeting, assemble’;
    10. páwšk̓uk ‘camp together’;
    11. páyuumn ‘have fun, celebrate’;
    12. paˀalyáwat ‘the stick-game’;
    13. paˀɨstpłá ‘water monster’;
    14. pamc̓yax̣ʷałá ‘listener, eavesdropper’;
    15. pánaymuni ‘related’;
    16. panayšłá ‘whirlpool’;
    17. pápšx̣uyit ‘wedding trade’;
    18. pasapilɨmłá ‘one who makes fun of others’;
    19. patalwaskłá ‘gossiper’;
    20. pawawyałá ‘whipman’;
    21. pawiyalɨxssímwit ‘treaty’;
    22. pawiyapaanáwas ‘fork in the road’;
    23. pax̣twayłá ‘friendly person’;
    24. paykłá ‘obedient’;
    25. payknáł ‘disobedient’.

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[NP /pé-/ marks 3rd person on 3rd person transitive action.]