Part of Speech: verb

In or into water. páluun ‘be situated in water’; páwaaluun ‘put a stick into water’; sapáxaluun ‘catch fish at a fish weir’; šapáluun ‘soak’; tamáluun ‘put in water’; tamanúun ‘put in water, soak’; tamášɨmluun ‘take mud bath’; táax̣aluun ‘dye’; tkʷápaluun ‘put the hand in water’; twalúun ‘fish with dipnet’; tɨ́x̣laluun ‘see shadow in water’; ƛúpwaaluun ‘jump into water’; walápaluun ‘sit in water’; wáluun ‘go into water’; wáaluun ‘run into water’; wax̣úun ‘paddle (canoe)’; wáynuun ‘boil, cook’; winanúun ‘swim, bathe’; yáwašaluun ‘wade into water’; yáxaluun ‘pour’. [WS often -aa; NW -iin; NP /-uu/; PS *-ewe (indicative *-e plus *we “water”).]

Directive. See -awa.

Semantically bleached verb stem. Bound. cásuwaanaynač ‘drag inside’; cásuwaanayt ‘drag out’; čáwaaluuk ‘raise up in the air’; čáwaanaša ‘ring (bell)’; čáwaaničanwi ‘lower, take down’; čáwaaničaša ‘pull up on’; čáwaanknik ‘put around’; čáwaawq̓x̣ ‘hang (in an execution)’; čáwaax̣aap ‘line a tepee’; káwaaluuk ‘pick up with the mouth’; láwaalaytt ‘smoke’; láwaapt̓a ‘sting’; láwaalawayč ‘cross over (of heat)’; nákwaax̣ʷaami ‘take up, lift up’; sapáƛupwaalata ‘fish with a fixed net at a fish jumping place’; šapáwaak̓ʷlk ‘grind in the grinder’; sapáwaalata ‘rope fish’; šapáwaaluuk ‘raise’; šápwaapaa ‘separate’; šapáwaax̣ɨmk ‘run a rock over something such as wheat to crush it’; tamáwaalata ‘throw basketball through hoop’; tamáwaalatx̣ ‘throw into fire’; tamáwaaluuk ‘toss up in the air’; tamáwaaničanwi ‘throw down’; tamáwaayat̓a ‘switch’; tamáwaawayč ‘throw across’; tamáwaanayt ‘throw out, expel’; taawaax̣ʷíiłi ‘ice skate’; típawaaluuk ‘kick up’; tunáwaaluuk ‘kick up in the air’; twáwaaničanwi ‘take down with a long tweezer-like tool’; tkʷápwaaluuk ‘put the hand up in the air’; tkʷápwaanayt ‘put the hand out’; tk̓ʷáwaanaynač ‘walk inside’; tk̓ʷáwaanayt ‘walk out’; tk̓ʷáwaanayti ‘walk along’; tx̣áwaaluuk ‘bounce’; ƛúpwaalatx̣ ‘jump into fire’; ƛúpwaaluuk ‘jump up in the air’; ƛúpwaaluun ‘jump into water’; ƛúpwaanaq̓i ‘finish jumping’; ƛúpwaaničanwi ‘jump off, jump down’; ƛúpwaaničaša ‘jump on’; ƛúpwaapaa ‘jump away’; ƛúpwaawayč ‘jump across’; ƛúpwaawayčtwayčtn ‘jump back and forth across’; ƛúpwaax̣ʷaami ‘jump up’; ƛúpwaayawna ‘jump over’; wáwaalaytk̓i ‘catch on fishing line and throw out’; wáwaap̓ik ‘wring out’; wáwaatayma ‘swing around and hit’; yáwaanaynak ‘drown’; wawaanaytáwas ‘windmill’. Sometimes w deletes after p: tkʷápaluuk ‘put the hand up in the air’; tkʷápaluun ‘put the hand in water’; tkʷápaničaša ‘put the hand down, sign, vote’. [NW wiin; PS *weye.]

Be bad, get violent. iwapčáywiša ‘he is getting violent’.

Distributive. Intransitive: túman pawíwača ‘what kind of persons were they each?’; pawítawyašana ‘they were each living’; ana kúuk pawíyawaanaynaka ‘when they each drowned’; ana kʷná pawíwiyaninx̣ana ‘where they each would travel around’; čná pawítawyanaykɨnx̣ana ‘here they would each settle down to live’. Transitive: máan pawíšapawinaša ‘where are they sending each?’; iwíˀaniša k̓pɨ́tki ‘she is beading’; kunam áwičač̓qta ‘and you will pull it apart in thin slices’; pawípax̣ʷišana tún ‘they are stealing each thing’; ana tún pawíˀaniša níit ‘each of whatever houses they are building’; ana kʷɨ́nki taxʷɨ́ski pawíˀanix̣ana ‘that dogbane with which they used to make each thing’; šuyápu ƛ̓áax̣ʷ iwíˀaniya níit níix̣pa tiičámpa ‘the whiteman built all his houses on the good land’; čáwpam čná tún wíkuta ‘you won’t do anything here’; míš pawímita ‘how will they do each [bad thing]?’; tkʷátatna wíwɨnpta ‘we should buy each of our foods’; čáwš áwišukayiša ƛ̓áax̣ʷ waníčt ‘I do not know each of all their names’; k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł áwiwaničɨn ‘that much have I named each’; ku útpaski patáwitamaƛ̓mx̣ʷɨnx̣a ‘and they cover each with blankets’; kuna iwíniča maanmáan kutyana wá ƛ̓áax̣ʷ pánaymuni ‘and he placed each of us wherever but we are all related’; ku ƛ̓áax̣ʷ máan pawíšapawinayiša pípš ‘and wherever they are sending each of their bones’; čáwnam šína kúuš áwiwaničta ‘don’t call anybody those names’; ana kʷaamanáy pawíˀititamanayiša ‘each of theirs that they are studying’; kuna kúuk iwíniča ana máan ‘and then we buried each wherever’; ƛ̓áax̣ʷna pápawišuksa ƛ̓áax̣ʷ náymu ‘all we relatives recognize each other’. In derivations: ana tuntún iwá x̣nít túnx̣ wíwaniči ‘things which are differently named roots’; tkʷátat ana k̓ʷapɨ́n pawá tunx̣túnx̣ wíwaniči ‘foods which are differently named’; čáwmataš wá túna imaamíin čná wíkutay ‘you don’t have anything to do here’; wíq̓ʷštiki ‘naked’; wíx̣uwi ‘lace’; wíyax̣ič ‘lay out, display’; wíyax̣q̓ič ‘hang up (clothes, canvas, etc.)’; wíwaničt ‘names’. [NP /wí-/.]

Verbalizer. ałwí ‘be generous’; anmíwi ‘be winter’; ayayášwi ‘act stupidly’; cɨ́ˀliwi ‘be arrogant, proud’; čáašwi ‘flirt’; čáynačwi ‘trade on the men’s side’; ččáanwi ‘not tell on, deny guilt’; hananúywi ‘be disgusted with’; ɨmačáywi ‘talk bad’; ɨ́mttunwi ‘be talkative’; kiˀíiswi ‘smile’; lɨwáyswi ‘be lucky’; lɨ́xssimwi ‘merge into one’; łmamáwi ‘grow older’ (said of a woman); łq̓íwi ‘play’; mɨláwi ‘menstruate’; níix̣wi ‘do well’; pačíwi ‘be ornery’; pačwáywi ‘be Sunday, keep Sunday’; púułwi ‘be blind’; q̓ʷšɨ́mwi ‘misbehave’; Spilyáywi ‘copy, mimic’; šatmíwi ‘become summer’; špamíwi ‘become autumn’; tamłamáywi ‘not know how’; tɨmnanč̓íwi ‘tough it out, tolerate’; twac̓ɨxíwi ‘be stingy’; twatíwi ‘treat (the sick) as a shaman’; t̓t̓ɨ́šwi ‘be frivolous and unproductive’; wapčáywi ‘get violent’; waq̓íšwi ‘revive’; wawax̣míwi ‘become spring’; wɨx̣áwi ‘wrestle’; x̣antátwi ‘act up in sympathy with a pregnant woman’; xʷsáatwi ‘grow older’ (said of a man). See also -awi. [NP /-wi/.]

Habitual/frequentative aspect. patkʷátax̣a kʷaaná ‘they eat that’; pawɨ́npɨnx̣a ‘they buy’; iwínax̣ana ‘he used to go’; pawáašax̣ana ‘they used to dance’; iwínax̣a ‘he goes’; iwínax̣ata ‘he will keep going’. [NE habitual/ frequentative present reduces to -x̣; for possible source, compare x̣a ‘lie prone, lie on the back’.]

Upward. nákwaax̣ʷaami ‘take up, lift up’; ƛúpwaax̣ʷaami ‘jump up’. [NW -łtx̣; NP /-láhsa/.]

By, through. kʷíyaann ‘go by’; wɨšányaann ‘pass through’.

Applicative. Occurs after a (see -ayi). áyayim k̓úpas ‘scratch my back!’; aš kú áwtaymayiša tiičám ‘when I sell his land’; patánakwaašayix̣a twínpas ku kúušx̣i apɨ́x̣ ‘they dance with his rifle and similarly the hide’; átwanayišaaš paanáy sɨ́nwit ‘I am following her words’; áwna átimayišana sɨ́nwit ‘now we are writing their language’; ana kʷaamanáy pawíˀititamanayiša ‘each of theirs that they are studying’; paˀititámayiša pípš ‘they are studying their bones’; čáwš ášukʷayiša tanán waníčt ‘I don’t know its Indian name’; kunam ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayišamš imanáy łk̓ʷí wáwtukt ‘and he knows all your days’; ačašta kú pɨ́nɨm ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayišamš pináwšuwat ‘because he knows all the getting of myself ready’; kʷaaní pánakwinayix̣a yanwáymaaman ƛ̓áax̣ʷ tún ‘he takes everything of the poor ones in that direction’; ku ƛ̓áax̣ʷ máan pawíšapawinayiša pípš ‘and wherever they are sending each of their bones’; ku k̓ʷapɨ́n patátkʷatayix̣a tɨ́x̣ˀuyit ‘and they eat his aforementioned first kill’; pináwapšayiya tútanik ‘she braded her hair’. [NE -(a)yi and NP /-(e)ˀyi/ occur before consonants (NE -(a)ni and NP /-(e)ˀni/ before vowels). Probable cognates of PS *-(e)ˀyi are found in Klamath (for which see Barker 1963b; 1964) and Molalla (for which see Pharris 2006). Both languages have phonetically similar applicatives derivative of a verb for ‘give’.]

Translocative directional. See -kik.