Part of Speech: verb

Verbalizer. Note that -n is not suffixed or else deletes before -k. kúułn ‘be full, sated’; k̓áatn ‘throw away, shave’; sc̓átn ‘be dark’; swísn ‘fillet salmon’; sapák̓stn ‘cool down, freeze’. Reverbalizes nominalizations with -t: kútkutn ‘work’; wɨšpɨ́tn ‘sit up from lying down’; wáyčtwayčtn ‘cross back and forth’. [NP /-n/.]

Adjunct. Occurs between an obstruent and various suffixes, i.e., imperative (-k) and habitual aspect (-x̣a): áyčɨnk ‘sit down!’; áykɨnx̣anaataš ‘we used to hear them’. With the present perfect (-š) all that remains is the adjunct: iyíkɨn ‘he has heard’.

Fossilized translocative directional. máana ‘go root digging (day trip)’; nána ‘bring’; sámxna ‘talk to’; šápa ‘pack on the back’; tamáwna ‘throw over, drape over’; twána ‘accompany, follow’; tx̣áwna ‘blow (east wind)’; wána ‘flow’; wátkʷna ‘charge, rush’; wáwna ‘go over the hill’; wáyna ‘fly’; wína ‘go’; wɨšána ‘move’. [NP /-(n)en/; PS *-nen.]

Inceptive. See -ayk.

Out. cásuwaanayt ‘drag out’; cáwt̓alayt ‘walk out’; čátamanayt ‘take out’; láwaalayt ’emit smoke’; muláyt ‘boil’; munáyt ‘steam’; múnayt ‘move in with in-laws’ (said of a man); muláyt ‘boil’; náwiyanayt ‘go out singing’; qáax̣ayt ‘fall out’; qʷnáyt ‘pack out’; sápx̣ʷnayt ‘crawl out’; tamáwaanayt ‘throw out, expel’; tamanáyt ‘pull out’; tamáwaanayt ‘expel, throw out (a person)’; tapunáyt ‘make molehill, hump up ground’; tináyt ‘back out, go out backwards’; tináyt ‘rise (luminary)’; tkʷápwaanayt ‘stick the hand out’; tk̓ʷáwaanayt ‘walk out’; tunáwaanayt ‘kick out’; twáyt ‘poke out’; ƛúpwaanayt ‘jump out’; wáltayti ‘walk’; wáanayt ‘run out, flow out’; wɨšáyt ‘move out’; x̣ʷnáyt ‘put the head out, look out’. Also -ayt. [NW -nat; NP /-(l)éht/; PS *néhit.]

Semantically bleached bound root. Also nik, lik, lič. ničanwi ‘down’; ničapa ‘into brush’; ničaša ‘on, upon’; ličaluun ‘into water’. [NP /lik/, /nik/.]

Into brush. Bound. cásuničapa ‘drag into brush’. See also -pa. [NP /liképe/.]

Down, downward. ílwi ‘testify, confess’; káanwi ‘eat up, devour’; tamánwi ‘legislate, ordain’; tamčánwi ‘unload’. See also ničanwi. [NP /-lwi/.]

In or into brush. cásuničapa ‘drag into brush’; tk̓ʷáwaanikapa ‘walk feeling one’s way into brush’; wáaničapa ‘run into brush’; wápa ‘go into brush’. [NP /-pe/.]

Reciprocal. pápasamx̣nax̣aataš naamíki sɨ́nwitki ‘we talk to one another in our language’; pápax̣twaynaataš ‘we visited with one another’; kuna pápawiyak̓ukɨn čná ‘and we have gathered ourselves together here’; kuna wá náma tanánma ƛ̓áax̣ʷna pápawišukša ƛ̓áax̣ʷ náymu ‘and we are Indians, we each recognize all our relatives’; pápawapaatatapam ‘you should help one another’; pápataymušana ‘they were telling each other the news’; pápax̣twaynx̣ana ‘they would make friends with one another’; pápawiyanawiyawax̣ana ‘they used to visit one another’; ana kʷná ipápaˀiƛ̓iyawix̣ana ‘where they used to battle’; ipápayiyawšana ‘they felt sorry for one another’; ku ipápaničɨnx̣ana ana mɨná ‘and they would bury one another anywhere’; ku kʷná ƛ̓áax̣ʷ šín ipápawiyak̓ukɨnx̣ana ‘and there everyone used gather together’; mɨná áwa paamíin níit ana kʷná ipápak̓utax̣na ‘they have no building anywhere where they could meet’; ipápawɨnpa yáamaš ‘the deer mated’; pápanaymuni ‘related to one another’. [NP /pí-/.]

Pragmatic inverse with plural subject: ‘they’ acting on a topical ‘him/ her/it/them’. ku kʷná patáq̓inuna ‘and there they saw him’; ku kʷaaná patákutkutɨnx̣a ‘and they work that one’; patáˀaniyayiya ‘they made it for him’; ana kú iwá čɨ́mti wánpi ku kʷaaná patákutkutɨnx̣a ‘when there is a new one sung then they work that’; patáˀisp̓iša ‘they’re covering them up’; ana k̓ʷapɨ́n patáničayiya ‘the aforementioned which they put away for them’; patášapattawax̣ɨnx̣a ‘they raise them’; ku kʷaaná patásamx̣nax̣ana ‘and that one they used to advise’; ana kʷaaná patáˀɨnx̣ana ‘that one to whom they used to say’; patáx̣nix̣a ‘they dig that’. [NE paˀá-; NW 2nd position =pat ‘they’ plus obviative á-.]

Be fond of, be one given to, crave. Denominative. c̓ipát̓a ‘desire sweets’; kantipát̓a ‘like candy’; nɨkʷtpát̓a ‘be hungry for meat’; tilaakipát̓a ‘be desirous of women’; x̣nitpát̓a ‘be hungry for roots’; yapašpat̓ałá ‘gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis)’. [NP /yqópn/ ‘enjoy, relish, crave’.]