Part of Speech: verb

Cislocative. iwínɨma ‘he came’. See -m. [NP /-m/.]

Cislocative directional. wínam (or wínɨm) ‘come!’; ášɨm ‘come in!’; yíknɨm ‘hear me!’; páyknɨm ‘hear me!’; wánwim ‘come down!’; wáwnayim ‘excuse me!’; sápsik̓ʷanɨm sɨ́nwit ‘teach me the language’; wɨ́npatam čí útpas ‘come get this blanket!’; tkʷátatamtk ‘come and eat!’; wáawiyanawiyawamtk ‘come stop in for a while!’; wáatkʷatamtk ‘come eat!’; ku iyáwaaypx̣ɨma ‘and he came floating downstream’; ana k̓ʷapɨ́n míimi pášapawinama naamímaaman nč̓ínč̓imaaman ‘the aforementioned who long ago had our ancestors come here’; panáytimaaš ‘I came up’; ttáwax̣nɨmaaš ‘I grew up here’; iwámš ‘he is coming’; pátwanɨmta ɨsípin x̣áwšin ‘her younger sister the cous will come following her [the celery]’; itúnišama ‘he was coming upstream’; ix̣áyx̣šamš ‘it is dawning’; iq̓ínwatax̣amšnaš ‘she comes to see me’; ku ánč̓ax̣i iwáanaynačtux̣ʷɨnx̣ama ‘and he would come back inside again’. {NP /-m/.]

Verbalizer. Note that -n is not suffixed or else deletes before -k. kúułn ‘be full, sated’; k̓áatn ‘throw away, shave’; sc̓átn ‘be dark’; swísn ‘fillet salmon’; sapák̓stn ‘cool down, freeze’. Reverbalizes nominalizations with -t: kútkutn ‘work’; wɨšpɨ́tn ‘sit up from lying down’; wáyčtwayčtn ‘cross back and forth’. [NP /-n/.]

Adjunct. Occurs between an obstruent and various suffixes, i.e., imperative (-k) and habitual aspect (-x̣a): áyčɨnk ‘sit down!’; áykɨnx̣anaataš ‘we used to hear them’. With the present perfect (-š) all that remains is the adjunct: iyíkɨn ‘he has heard’.

Fossilized translocative directional. máana ‘go root digging (day trip)’; nána ‘bring’; sámxna ‘talk to’; šápa ‘pack on the back’; tamáwna ‘throw over, drape over’; twána ‘accompany, follow’; tx̣áwna ‘blow (east wind)’; wána ‘flow’; wátkʷna ‘charge, rush’; wáwna ‘go over the hill’; wáyna ‘fly’; wína ‘go’; wɨšána ‘move’. [NP /-(n)en/; PS *-nen.]

Inceptive. See -ayk.

Out. cásuwaanayt ‘drag out’; cáwt̓alayt ‘walk out’; čátamanayt ‘take out’; láwaalayt ’emit smoke’; muláyt ‘boil’; munáyt ‘steam’; múnayt ‘move in with in-laws’ (said of a man); muláyt ‘boil’; náwiyanayt ‘go out singing’; qáax̣ayt ‘fall out’; qʷnáyt ‘pack out’; sápx̣ʷnayt ‘crawl out’; tamáwaanayt ‘throw out, expel’; tamanáyt ‘pull out’; tamáwaanayt ‘expel, throw out (a person)’; tapunáyt ‘make molehill, hump up ground’; tináyt ‘back out, go out backwards’; tináyt ‘rise (luminary)’; tkʷápwaanayt ‘stick the hand out’; tk̓ʷáwaanayt ‘walk out’; tunáwaanayt ‘kick out’; twáyt ‘poke out’; ƛúpwaanayt ‘jump out’; wáltayti ‘walk’; wáanayt ‘run out, flow out’; wɨšáyt ‘move out’; x̣ʷnáyt ‘put the head out, look out’. Also -ayt. [NW -nat; NP /-(l)éht/; PS *néhit.]

Semantically bleached bound root. Also nik, lik, lič. ničanwi ‘down’; ničapa ‘into brush’; ničaša ‘on, upon’; ličaluun ‘into water’. [NP /lik/, /nik/.]

Into brush. Bound. cásuničapa ‘drag into brush’. See also -pa. [NP /liképe/.]

Down, downward. ílwi ‘testify, confess’; káanwi ‘eat up, devour’; tamánwi ‘legislate, ordain’; tamčánwi ‘unload’. See also ničanwi. [NP /-lwi/.]

In or into brush. cásuničapa ‘drag into brush’; tk̓ʷáwaanikapa ‘walk feeling one’s way into brush’; wáaničapa ‘run into brush’; wápa ‘go into brush’. [NP /-pe/.]

Third person plural nominative pronominal. pawá ‘they are’; patk̓ítana ‘they will watch us’; pawáašax̣ana ‘they used to dance’; ku kúuk pattáwax̣ta naamí tkʷátat ‘and then our foods will grow’. [NP plural /pe-/ is nominative without sensitivity to person.]

Inverse. Semantic inverse (2nd to 1st person transitive action): páwapaatam ‘help me!’; páyknɨm ‘hear me!’; pánim táwax̣ ‘give me a smoke!’; páq̓inušanam ‘you see me’; kunam pánaknuwiyayita inmíma náymuma ‘and you will take care of my relatives’; k̓ʷałánam páni ‘glad you have given it to me’ (equals ‘thank you!’); kunam pánita patún ‘and you will give me things’; maykʷáaniknam pášapakʷyamta imíin tamánwit ’cause me to believe your law all the more’; kunam pánimta imíin q̓ʷłtɨ́pwit čná tiičámpa ‘and you will give me your strength in this land’. Pragmatic inverse (3rd person secondary or nontopic to 3rd person topic transitive action): natútasayin pátwapaytiša k̓usik̓úsina ‘my father is chasing the horse’; ku pátamanwiya áwtyanam ímč̓a wáta x̣nít ‘and he ordained her: now you’re also going to be a root’; nč̓ínč̓imaaman pánaknuwiya ‘he took care of the elders’; ana kʷiiní pánaknuwiša miyánašmaaman ‘that one which is taking care of the children’; ƛ̓áax̣ʷ páwɨnpayiša paamanáy ‘he is getting all of theirs’; pániya wɨłq̓ám ‘he gave him the moccasins’. Used in nominalized complements: átq̓ix̣šanaaš páwilawiix̣tyaw ‘I wanted him to race’; pasɨ́nwišana pátiwitki ‘they were talking about fighting’; pasɨ́nwišana páwawyatki ‘they were talking about getting whipped’. Used derivationally: pák̓un ‘have a meeting’; pámaliin ‘have a wedding’; pánaq̓i ‘converge, come together’; panaymunáł ‘cold, aloof’; pánaymuni ‘related’; pášwin ‘be high priced’; patanawíix̣n ‘argue’; pawilawíix̣n ‘race’; páwiyak̓uk ‘call a meeting, assemble’; páwšk̓uk ‘camp together’; páyuumn ‘have fun, celebrate’; paˀalyáwat ‘the stick-game’; paˀɨstpłá ‘water monster’; pamc̓yax̣ʷałá ‘listener, eavesdropper’; pánaymuni ‘related’; panayšłá ‘whirlpool’; pápšx̣uyit ‘wedding trade’; pasapilɨmłá ‘one who makes fun of others’; patalwaskłá ‘gossiper’; pawawyałá ‘whipman’; pawiyalɨxssímwit ‘treaty’; pawiyapaanáwas ‘fork in the road’; pax̣twayłá ‘friendly person’; paykłá ‘obedient’; payknáł ‘disobedient’. [NP /pé-/ marks 3rd person on 3rd person transitive action.]

Reflexive plural. pamáwšuwašaataš ‘we are getting ourselves ready’; wátana pamáwšuwani ‘we will be readied’; čáwpam pamánaktamawta ‘you shouldn’t get carried away’; pamáˀiix̣ɨnx̣ana kʷɨ́nki ‘they would wash themselves with that’; pamáq̓inušana ‘they saw themselves’; ku pamáwɨnpɨnx̣ana kʷná waláč̓witšpa ‘and they would get themselves in that belt’; ana pmáy pamániyayišana waq̓íšwit čɨ́nki tiičámki ‘they who were giving their lives for this land’; pamáˀisɨp̓ix̣a ‘they cover themselves up’; pamániya sulcasmíyaw ‘they volunteered themselves for the army’; památaatpasit ‘clothing’. [NW piimá-; NP /nemé-/ ‘ourselves’; /ˀimé-/ ‘yourself’; /ˀimemé-/ ‘yourselves, themselves’.]