Part of Speech: pronoun

Definition:

Them.

---

Function:

Accusative dual.

---

Examples:

1. piinamanáynaš ániya x̣ax̣áykʷ ‘I gave them two the money’;

---

See more:

piinamanáyč̓a ‘them two too’;

piilamalaksá ‘them two alone’;

piinamanáysɨm ‘them two only’;

piinamanáyx̣i ‘them two similarly’;

piinamanáyx̣uš ‘them two first’.

[WS paamáy; NE piinamaná(k); NW piinininák.]

Pronoun chart

Theirs, their. Genitive dual. piinamíinč̓a ‘theirs too’; piilamiksá ‘theirs alone’; piinamísɨm ‘theirs only’; piinamíinx̣i ‘theirs similarly’; piinamíinx̣uš ‘theirs first’. [NW piinanmínk, piiminanmí.]

Definition:

They two.

---

Function:

Nominative dual.

---

Examples:

1. pawiyánawiša piiní ‘they two are arriving’;
2. ku patkʷátata piiliksá kʷná ‘and they two will eat there alone’;
3. piiliksásim pawinána ‘only the two of them went’;
4. piiníx̣uš ‘they two first’.

---

See more:

piiníč̓a ‘they two too’;

piinísɨm ‘they two only’;

piiníx̣i ‘they two similarly’;

The dual function of piiní is probably an extension of the associative, e.g., see piiní ‘with him, her, it’.

[NW piiník.]

Definition:

With him, her, it.

---

Function:

Associative case.

---

Examples:

1. k̓ʷáy iwá wínš ataš piiní wínata watím ‘that is the man with whom I went yesterday’. Also functions as subject of the inverse: piiní pásapk̓usiya tílaakina ‘he cheated the woman’;
2. k̓ʷáy iwá wínš ana piiní páqinušana watím ‘that is the man whom he saw yesterday’;
3. ana máal páwaničayisa piiní wánpašin ‘however long he the song names for him’;
4. ku kʷaaná pátwanɨmta piiní ana pɨ́n kúušx̣i iwá x̣nít ‘and she who is similarly a root will come following that one’;
5. k̓ʷáy iwá wínš ana piiní páq̓inušana watím ‘that is the man who saw him yesterday’.

---

See more:

[NW piiník; NP ˀipníin.]

He, she, it alone. iwá pɨlksá čikúuk ‘she is alone today’; čáw itkʷátata ana kʷná patkʷátaša pɨlksá itkʷátata ‘she will not eat where they are eating, she will eat alone’; ku aw kú itqáwača áswan pɨlksásɨmk̓a ‘and then suddenly the boy was all alone’; ana pɨ́n itáwyanaykɨnx̣a pɨlksá ‘he who lives alone’ (= ‘hermit’); paalaksá ‘him, her, it alone’. [NP /ˀipciwátq/.]

Definition:

They.

---

Function:

Nominative plural.

---

Examples:

1. pmáy pawiyánawita ku paˀayáyata ‘they will arrive and have fun’;
2. áwa miyánašma ana pmáy pamániyayišana waq̓íšwit čɨ́nki tiičámki ‘it was their (WWII) children who were giving their lives for this country’;
3. ana pmáy pattáwax̣šana čná tiičámpa ‘they who were growing up on this land’;
4. ana pmáy papayúwiša ‘they who are sick’;
5. aš pmáy pasápsik̓ʷašana ‘they who were teaching me’;
6. ana pmáy pawá sápsik̓ʷani ‘they who are taught’;
7. ana iwá pmaksásim ‘they who are the only ones’;

---

See more:

pa- ‘they’ (pronominal prefix);

pmáyč̓a ‘they too’;

pmaksá ‘they alone’;

pmáysɨm ‘they only’;

pmáyx̣i ‘they similarly’;

pmáyx̣uš ‘they first’.

[NE pmá; NW pmák; NP /ˀimé/ ‘they, you (plural)’.]

Definition:

He, she, it.

---

Function:

Nominative singular.

---

Examples:

pɨ́n ipáx̣ʷiya ‘he stole it’;

ana pɨ́n pináwaniča ‘she who named herself’;

ana k̓ʷapɨ́n pináwšuwaša pɨ́n ‘she who is getting herself ready’;

ku kúušx̣i pɨ́n át̓ita níix̣ ‘and in the same way it will cook well’;

ana kú itmíyuna pɨ́n ‘when he decided’;

ku ana kú ittáwax̣šana pɨ́n ‘and when he was growing up’;

ana šína pɨ́n išúkʷaša ‘whomever he knows’;

ana pɨ́n áyawaanaynaka túniši ‘his who drowned upstream’;

ana pɨ́n čáw iwɨ́šayča ‘he who passed away’;

k̓ʷáy iwá wínš ana pɨ́n iwiyánawiya watím ‘that is the man who arrived yesterday’;

k̓ʷáy iwá wínš ana pɨ́n iq̓ínušana paanáy watím ‘that is the man who saw him yesterday’;

pɨ́n k̓í inákwinata čikúuk ‘he will carry it (take the lead) today’;

ača kú iwá pɨ́n čúuš pyáp ƛ̓aax̣ʷmaamíyaw tkʷatatmaamíyaw ku kúušx̣i naamíyaw ‘because the water is elder brother to all the foods and likewise to us’;

ku Spilyáy pɨ́nč̓a anáwiya ‘and Coyote also got hungry’;

ku pɨ́nx̣i iwá waníči pášx̣aš íiš ‘and the cow parsnip is similarly called sunflower‘;

ana pɨ́n iwá wináanakʷi pɨ́nsɨm áwtta ‘she who is widowed, only she should taboo’;

iwá ánč̓a pɨ́nx̣i tál ‘it is again the same bug’;

---

See more:

i– ‘He, she, it’ (pronominal prefix);

pɨ́nč̓a ‘she/he/it also’;

pɨlksá ‘she/he/it alone’;

pɨ́nsɨm ‘she/he/it only’;

pɨ́nx̣i ‘she/he/it similarly’;

pɨ́nx̣uš ‘she/he/it first’;

pɨ́nɨm ‘he, she, it’ (erg.);

pmáy ‘they’. Ablaut: paanáy ‘him, her, it’ (acc.);

paamíin ‘of them’ (gen.);

piiní ‘they two’;

piiní ‘With him, her, it’ (Associative case);

[WS pɨ́ni; NW pɨ́nk; NP /ˀipí/, /ˀipn-/; Klamath bi (Barker 1963b:62).]

Pronoun chart

He, she, it indeed. pníin iwačá ‘he was by himself’; čáw šíin páwapaatana pníin ikʷíya ‘nobody helped him, he did it by himself’; míšta pníinki aníya tílaaki ‘how indeed did he take the woman by himself?’. [NP ˀipinníx.]

He, she, it. Ergative case. pɨnɨ́mnaš itáymuna ‘he told me the news’; čáwnam šína qaˀáat tún kúša ačanam kú pɨ́nɨm iq̓ínušamš x̣ʷáamični ‘you are not doing anything to anyone in secret when he sees you from on high’; ana k̓ʷapɨ́n aníyayiya pɨ́nɨm aniłánɨm ‘that which the Creator made for us’; ačašta kú pɨ́nɨm ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayišamš pináwšuwat ‘because he knows all the getting of myself ready’; ana k̓ʷapɨ́n itámčasayiya pɨ́nɨm ana kú čná itámčašana náaman tiičámpa ‘he put it on for us when he put us on this land’; ana k̓ʷapɨ́n aníyayiya pɨ́nɨm aniłánɨm ‘that which the Creator made for us’; ačanam kú iníša pɨ́nɨm x̣ʷaamipamánɨm x̣túwit ‘because he above is giving you power’; k̓ʷáy iwá wínš aš pɨ́nɨm iq̓ínušana watím ‘that is the man who saw me yesterday’; áwnaš yáx̣a k̓ʷaalínɨm pɨnɨ́mx̣i tiskáayanɨm ‘the same dangerous one Skunk found me’ (Jacobs 1929:213:5); pɨ́nɨmč̓a ‘he too’; pɨlɨmksá ‘he alone’; pɨ́nɨmsɨm ‘he only’; pɨ́nɨmx̣uš ‘he first’. [NE pnɨ́m; NW pɨnɨ́mk; NP /ˀipn´m/ (genitive and ergative).]

His, hers, her, its. Genitive singular. ku aw kú pináwšuwanx̣a pɨnmíin wáwnakʷšaš ‘and then its body gets itself ready’; ana kú čáw áwšayča pɨnmíin nč̓í ‘when his elder passed away’; ana kúuš áwača pɨnmíin ‘like hers were’; pɨnmíin apɨ́łapł iyáx̣ʷax̣a wawáx̣ɨmitna ‘its leaves wait for spring’; ku kúušx̣i pɨnmíin wáwnakʷšaš álaqayx̣ita ‘and in the same way her [huckleberry’s] body will shine’; iq̓ínusana pɨnmíin pšɨ́t ‘he saw his (own) father’; k̓ʷáy iwá wínš ana pɨnmíin áwa x̣lák x̣áx̣aykʷ ‘that is the man who has the money’; páyu ikʷíya pɨnmíin apáp ‘he hurt his (own) hand’; pɨnmíinč̓a ‘his too’; pɨlmiksá ‘his alone’; pɨnmísɨm ‘his only’; pɨnmíinx̣i ‘his similarly’; pɨnmíinx̣uš ‘his first’. With noun cases: pɨnmínɨmš ƛ̓áksnɨm ɨ́nna ‘her sister told me’; áwɨnaaš pɨnmína pšɨ́tna ‘I told his father’; iƛúpwaapaaša pɨnmikníin ‘he jumped away from him’; pinátaatpasix̣a pɨnmikíin apɨ́łapłki ‘it dresses itself with its leaves’; tiičámna páˀiƛ̓ɨmx̣ʷix̣a pɨnmikíin púwiki ‘it covers the ground with its snow’; ku tiičámna páwapawax̣a pɨnmikíin ‘and she [the celery] clothes the land with herself’; páwawyana pɨnmipáyn k̓úpašpa ‘he whipped him on his back’; watx̣ɨ́nam paníya pɨnmíyaw ‘did they give you to him’. [NW pɨnmínk; NP /ˀipn´m/ (genitive and ergative).]