Part of Speech: verb

In or into water. páluun ‘be situated in water’; páwaaluun ‘put a stick into water’; sapáxaluun ‘catch fish at a fish weir’; šapáluun ‘soak’; tamáluun ‘put in water’; tamanúun ‘put in water, soak’; tamášɨmluun ‘take mud bath’; táax̣aluun ‘dye’; tkʷápaluun ‘put the hand in water’; twalúun ‘fish with dipnet’; tɨ́x̣laluun ‘see shadow in water’; ƛúpwaaluun ‘jump into water’; walápaluun ‘sit in water’; wáluun ‘go into water’; wáaluun ‘run into water’; wax̣úun ‘paddle (canoe)’; wáynuun ‘boil, cook’; winanúun ‘swim, bathe’; yáwašaluun ‘wade into water’; yáxaluun ‘pour’. [WS often -aa; NW -iin; NP /-uu/; PS *-ewe (indicative *-e plus *we “water”).]

Definition:

to be, to have.

Function:

Copula verb. Becomes wač before past -a.

Examples:

1. mɨnánam wačá ‘where were you?’;
2. čáwna wá kúuš ana kúuš šuyápu ‘we are not like the whiteman’;
3. kupam wáta kʷná imáy čanupáa ‘and there you folks will be capable’;
4. xʷɨ́saat iwačá ‘he was an old man’;
5. tún iwá ‘what is it?’;
6. k̓pɨ́s iwá čúuš ‘the water is cold’;
7. iwáta níix̣ łk̓ʷí ‘it will be a good day’;
8. pawačá níitpa ‘they were in the house’;
9. pawá ‘they are’;
10. pawáta ‘they will be’;
11. ku kʷná pawá ana mɨná iwíwa ‘and they are there wherever each is’.
12. With sense of ‘have’:
    1. táymuš wá ‘I have news’;
    2. čí áwa tiičám sulcasmaamí ‘this is the soldiers land’;
    3. k̓ʷáy áwa níit ‘that was their house’;
    4. k̓ʷáy áwača míimi qqaanáyt nč̓inč̓imaamí ‘that was the business of the elders long ago’;
    5. áwa c̓áa náymu waničtmí ‘the name has a close relative’;
    6. šimíin áwača waníčt ‘who had the name?’;
    7. inmí kałanmí áwača mɨ́taw ƛ̓áksma ‘my grandmother had three sisters’;
    8. inmínam wáta ‘you are mine’;
    9. ínaš wá imíin ‘I’m yours’;
    10. wačámaš wá nápt k̓úsi ‘you had two horses’.
13. Indicates motion with the directionals:
    1. áw iwámš ‘now he is coming’;
    2. kʷɨ́nimataš wámš ‘yours are all coming from there’;
    3. ana k̓ʷapɨ́n iwámš tkʷátat ‘the aforementioned food which is coming’;
    4. ku patáwaatwanana ɨščɨ́t ana kʷaaní áwačiča watíkš ‘and they followed their trail even toward where there tracks went on’;
    5. yúuk iwáčiš ‘he is going on over yonder’.
14. With passive:
    1. ku áwača wátisas aníyi p̓ip̓inmí ‘and his rope was made of intestine’;
    2. ana pmáy pawá sápsik̓ʷani ‘they who are taught’;
    3. ana mún iwáta waníči łk̓ʷí ‘whenever the day will be named’;
    4. ku iwačá k̓ʷáalk aníyi icimayctpamá ‘and a long feeding trough was made’;
    5. áwata aníyi wilawiix̣tpamá ‘their race track will be made’;
    6. ataš kúuš wačá náma sápsik̓ʷani ‘like we were taught’.

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Appears in compound words:

1. wác̓ilun ‘look at angrily’;
2. wákmuyk ‘buck’;
3. wáluun ‘go into water’;
4. wánaq̓i ‘finish’;
5. wánwi ‘go down, descend’;
6. wápa ‘go into brush’;
7. wáqʷnayk ‘bow the head’;
8. wáša ‘ride a horse, board a canoe’;
9. wát̓uyi ‘go ahead’;
10. wáƛ̓k ‘break down’ (of automobile);
11. wáwšx̣ ‘finish a project’;
12. wáypx̣n ‘go downstream’;
13. náwa(č) ‘say’;
14. nákwa(č) ‘be with, stay with’;
15. qáwa(č) ‘be there suddenly or by chance’;
16. táwa ‘pierce, skewer, roast on a spit from the side’;
17. wapáwa ‘dress, wear’;
18. wáawa ‘be paused, stay awhile’;
19. wásɨm- ‘while sitting’;
20. wápas ‘bag’.

[NP /we/; /wek/ (before a vowel).]

Directive. See -awa.

Semantically bleached verb stem. Bound. cásuwaanaynač ‘drag inside’; cásuwaanayt ‘drag out’; čáwaaluuk ‘raise up in the air’; čáwaanaša ‘ring (bell)’; čáwaaničanwi ‘lower, take down’; čáwaaničaša ‘pull up on’; čáwaanknik ‘put around’; čáwaawq̓x̣ ‘hang (in an execution)’; čáwaax̣aap ‘line a tepee’; káwaaluuk ‘pick up with the mouth’; láwaalaytt ‘smoke’; láwaapt̓a ‘sting’; láwaalawayč ‘cross over (of heat)’; nákwaax̣ʷaami ‘take up, lift up’; sapáƛupwaalata ‘fish with a fixed net at a fish jumping place’; šapáwaak̓ʷlk ‘grind in the grinder’; sapáwaalata ‘rope fish’; šapáwaaluuk ‘raise’; šápwaapaa ‘separate’; šapáwaax̣ɨmk ‘run a rock over something such as wheat to crush it’; tamáwaalata ‘throw basketball through hoop’; tamáwaalatx̣ ‘throw into fire’; tamáwaaluuk ‘toss up in the air’; tamáwaaničanwi ‘throw down’; tamáwaayat̓a ‘switch’; tamáwaawayč ‘throw across’; tamáwaanayt ‘throw out, expel’; taawaax̣ʷíiłi ‘ice skate’; típawaaluuk ‘kick up’; tunáwaaluuk ‘kick up in the air’; twáwaaničanwi ‘take down with a long tweezer-like tool’; tkʷápwaaluuk ‘put the hand up in the air’; tkʷápwaanayt ‘put the hand out’; tk̓ʷáwaanaynač ‘walk inside’; tk̓ʷáwaanayt ‘walk out’; tk̓ʷáwaanayti ‘walk along’; tx̣áwaaluuk ‘bounce’; ƛúpwaalatx̣ ‘jump into fire’; ƛúpwaaluuk ‘jump up in the air’; ƛúpwaaluun ‘jump into water’; ƛúpwaanaq̓i ‘finish jumping’; ƛúpwaaničanwi ‘jump off, jump down’; ƛúpwaaničaša ‘jump on’; ƛúpwaapaa ‘jump away’; ƛúpwaawayč ‘jump across’; ƛúpwaawayčtwayčtn ‘jump back and forth across’; ƛúpwaax̣ʷaami ‘jump up’; ƛúpwaayawna ‘jump over’; wáwaalaytk̓i ‘catch on fishing line and throw out’; wáwaap̓ik ‘wring out’; wáwaatayma ‘swing around and hit’; yáwaanaynak ‘drown’; wawaanaytáwas ‘windmill’. Sometimes w deletes after p: tkʷápaluuk ‘put the hand up in the air’; tkʷápaluun ‘put the hand in water’; tkʷápaničaša ‘put the hand down, sign, vote’. [NW wiin; PS *weye.]

Be bad, get violent. iwapčáywiša ‘he is getting violent’.

Definition:

1. Intransitive:
   1. We, you all, they, indivisually do something.
2. Transitive:
   1. Someone or some people do each of something.

Function:

Distributive.

Examples:

1. Intransitive:
   1. túman pawíwača ‘what kind of persons were they each?’;
   2. pawítawyašana ‘they were each living’;
   3. ana kúuk pawíyawaanaynaka ‘when they each drowned’;
   4. ana kʷná pawíwiyaninx̣ana ‘where they each would travel around’;
   5. čná pawítawyanaykɨnx̣ana ‘here they would each settle down to live’.
2. Transitive:
   1. máan pawíšapawinaša ‘where are they sending each?’;
   2. iwíˀaniša k̓pɨ́tki ‘she is beading’;
   3. kunam áwičač̓qta ‘and you will pull it apart in thin slices’;
   4. pawípax̣ʷišana tún ‘they are stealing each thing’;
   5. ana tún pawíˀaniša níit ‘each of whatever houses they are building’;
   6. ana kʷɨ́nki taxʷɨ́ski pawíˀanix̣ana ‘that dogbane with which they used to make each thing’;
   7. šuyápu ƛ̓áax̣ʷ iwíˀaniya níit níix̣pa tiičámpa ‘the whiteman built all his houses on the good land’;
   8. čáwpam čná tún wíkuta ‘you won’t do anything here’;
   9. míš pawímita ‘how will they do each [bad thing]?’;
   10. tkʷátatna wíwɨnpta ‘we should buy each of our foods’;
   11. čáwš áwišukayiša ƛ̓áax̣ʷ waníčt ‘I do not know each of all their names’;
   12. k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł áwiwaničɨn ‘that much have I named each’;
   13. ku útpaski patáwitamaƛ̓mx̣ʷɨnx̣a ‘and they cover each with blankets’;
   14. kuna iwíniča maanmáan kutyana wá ƛ̓áax̣ʷ pánaymuni ‘and he placed each of us wherever but we are all related’;
   15. ku ƛ̓áax̣ʷ máan pawíšapawinayiša pípš ‘and wherever they are sending each of their bones’;
   16. čáwnam šína kúuš áwiwaničta ‘don’t call anybody those names’;
   17. ana kʷaamanáy pawíˀititamanayiša ‘each of theirs that they are studying’;
   18. kuna kúuk iwíniča ana máan ‘and then we buried each wherever’;
   19. ƛ̓áax̣ʷna pápawišuksa ƛ̓áax̣ʷ náymu ‘all we relatives recognize each other’.
3. In derivations:
   1. ana tuntún iwá x̣nít túnx̣ wíwaniči ‘things which are differently named roots’;
   2. tkʷátat ana k̓ʷapɨ́n pawá tunx̣túnx̣ wíwaniči ‘foods which are differently named’;
   3. čáwmataš wá túna imaamíin čná wíkutay ‘you don’t have anything to do here’;

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wíq̓ʷštiki ‘naked’;

wíx̣uwi ‘lace’;

wíyax̣ič ‘lay out, display’;

wíyax̣q̓ič ‘hang up (clothes, canvas, etc.)’;

wíwaničt ‘names’.

[NP /wí-/.]

Definition:

To be something, become something.

Function:

Verbalizer.

Examples:

1. ałwí ‘be generous’;
2. anmíwi ‘be winter’;
3. ayayášwi ‘act stupidly’;
4. cɨ́ˀliwi ‘be arrogant, proud’;
5. čáašwi ‘flirt’;
6. čáynačwi ‘trade on the men’s side’;
7. ččáanwi ‘not tell on, deny guilt’;
8. hananúywi ‘be disgusted with’;
9. ɨmačáywi ‘talk bad’;
10. ɨ́mttunwi ‘be talkative’;
11. kiˀíiswi ‘smile’;
12. lɨwáyswi ‘be lucky’;
13. lɨ́xssimwi ‘merge into one’;
14. łmamáwi ‘grow older’ (said of a woman);
15. łq̓íwi ‘play’;
16. mɨláwi ‘menstruate’;
17. níix̣wi ‘do well’;
18. pačíwi ‘be ornery’;
19. pačwáywi ‘be Sunday, keep Sunday’;
20. púułwi ‘be blind’;
21. q̓ʷšɨ́mwi ‘misbehave’;
22. Spilyáywi ‘copy, mimic’;
23. šatmíwi ‘become summer’;
24. špamíwi ‘become autumn’;
25. tamłamáywi ‘not know how’;
26. tɨmnanč̓íwi ‘tough it out, tolerate’;
27. twac̓ɨxíwi ‘be stingy’;
28. twatíwi ‘treat (the sick) as a shaman’;
29. t̓t̓ɨ́šwi ‘be frivolous and unproductive’;
30. wapčáywi ‘get violent’;
31. waq̓íšwi ‘revive’;
32. wawax̣míwi ‘become spring’;
33. wɨx̣áwi ‘wrestle’;
34. x̣antátwi ‘act up in sympathy with a pregnant woman’;
35. xʷsáatwi ‘grow older’ (said of a man).

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–awi

[NP /-wi/.]

Habitual/frequentative aspect. patkʷátax̣a kʷaaná ‘they eat that’; pawɨ́npɨnx̣a ‘they buy’; iwínax̣ana ‘he used to go’; pawáašax̣ana ‘they used to dance’; iwínax̣a ‘he goes’; iwínax̣ata ‘he will keep going’. [NE habitual/ frequentative present reduces to -x̣; for possible source, compare x̣a ‘lie prone, lie on the back’.]

Upward. nákwaax̣ʷaami ‘take up, lift up’; ƛúpwaax̣ʷaami ‘jump up’. [NW -łtx̣; NP /-láhsa/.]

By, through. kʷíyaann ‘go by’; wɨšányaann ‘pass through’.