Part of Speech: pronoun

Anything else. anatúntya wápas paˀaníx̣ana ‘any other bags they used to make’; ku anatúntya áw paˀanitát̓ax̣ana ‘and anything else then they would want to make’.

The aforementioned. Reduced form of k̓ʷapɨ́n.

Definition:

Also, too.

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Function:

Palatalized version of =k̓a.

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Examples:

1. čáwš ínč̓a šúkaša ‘I don’t know either’;
2. níix̣maš imanáyč̓a šúkʷaan ‘good I have met you also’;
3. áwtyanam ímč̓a wáta x̣nít ‘now you’re also going to be a root’;
4. ímč̓a wáawat̓ak súsut ‘also send a wire!’;
5. aw kú pɨ́nč̓a itkʷátax̣ana c̓íc̓kna ku čáw ikúułna ‘then he also would eat the grass and not get satisfied’;

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ínč̓a ‘I also’;

ímč̓a ‘you too’;

pɨ́nč̓a ‘he too’;

námač̓a ‘we also’;

ánč̓a ‘again’.

[NP /=k̓e/.]

Adjunct that occurs only in the CR dialects. Occurs after a (where it is orthographically -y) in Umatilla: pmáy ‘they’; k̓ʷáy ‘that’; naamanáy ‘us’; imanáy ‘you (acc.)’; paanáy ‘him/her/it’; piinamanáy ‘them two’; etc. Also occurs in WS after nominative personal pronouns: íni ‘I’; ími ‘you’; pɨ́ni ‘he/she/ it’; náamay ‘we’; etc. The N dialects variously have instead -k, thus NW: ínk ‘I’; ímk ‘you’; pɨ́nk ‘he/she/it’; namák ‘we’; etc. [Cf. NP /-i/ in /ˀipí/ ‘he, she, it’; Klamath i in ni ‘I’; mi ‘yours’; bi ‘he, she, it’.]

Ablative case. čɨ́ni ‘from this, from here’; kʷɨ́ni ‘from that, from there’; mɨ́ni ‘from where? whence?’. See also -kni. [N -ik; NP /-ik/.]

Definition:

You. Nominative singular.

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Examples:

1. ímnam walptáykta ímnam sɨ́nwita ‘you will sing, you will speak’;
2. anam ím pátamanwiya čná tiičámpa ‘you who ordained me in this land’;
3. kúušnam ím panáytimta ‘thusly you will come up’;
4. watx̣ɨ́nam ímč̓a tq̓íx̣ša ‘do you want [some] too?’;
5. kunam ímx̣i pánaknuwimta imikíin hawláaki apápki ‘and similarly you will keep me with your heavenly hand’;

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=nam ‘you’ (singular);

=pam ‘you, yours, your’ (plural);

imanáy ‘you’ (accusative singular)

ímč̓a ‘you too’;

imksá ‘you alone’;

ímsɨm ‘you only’;

ímx̣i ‘you similarly’;

ímx̣uš ‘you first’.

[WS ími; NW ímk; NP /ˀim/; cf. Klamath mi ‘yours’ (Barker 1963b:32).]

Pronoun chart

You. Accusative plural. imaamanáymaš níta ‘I will give it to you’; imaamanáypam ɨ́nna ‘he told all of you’; imaamanáyč̓a ‘you also’; imaamalaksá ‘you alone’; imaamanáysɨm ‘only you’; imaamanáyx̣i ‘you similarly’; imaamanáyx̣uš ‘you first’. [NE imaamaná(k); NW imamanák; NP /ˀimuuné/; /ˀétk/.]

Definition:

Yours, your, you guys’, you all’s.

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Function:

Genitive plural.

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Examples:

1. čáwpam mún láakta imaamíin sɨ́nwit ‘you should never forget your language’;
2. kumataš wáta yaˀáw imaamíin px̣ʷí ‘and your minds will be offended’;
3. čáwmataš wá túna imaamíin čná wíkutay ‘you don’t have anything to do here’;
4. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ amataš imaamíin wačá náymu ‘all of you who were his relative’;
5. imaamíinmaš čí wá ‘this is yours’;
6. pasɨ́nwišana imaamikíin ‘they were talking about you folks’;
7. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’;
8. imaamipáyn níčɨnk ‘put it in yours’;
9. imaamikíin ƛ̓áax̣ʷ isɨ́nwiya ‘he spoke all about you’;
10. imaamipáyn tɨmnápa ‘in your hearts’;

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imaamiláyk̓ay ‘for you all’;

imaamíč̓a ‘yours also’;

imaamiksá ‘yours alone’;

imaamísɨm ‘yours only’;

imaamíinx̣i ‘yours similarly’;

imaamíinx̣uš ‘yours first’.

Pronoun chart

[NW imamínk; NP /ˀimém/ ‘yours (pl.), theirs’; /ˀétk/.]

Definition:

You.

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Function:

Accusative singular.

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Examples:

1. k̓ʷałámaš imanáy šúkʷaan ‘glad I have met you’;
2. ačamaš kú kʷyáamša imanáy ‘because I believe you’;
3. itímayišanam imanáy ‘he is marking yours’;
4. kunam ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayišamš imanáy łk̓ʷí wáwtukt ‘and he knows all your days’;
5. paˀaníyayiyanam imanáy ‘they made it for you’;
6. níix̣maš imanáyč̓a šúkʷaan ‘good I have met you also’;

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=nam ‘you’ (singular);

=pam ‘you, yours, your’ (plural);

ím ‘you’ (nominative singular);

imalaksá ‘you alone’;

imanáysɨm ‘you only’;

imanáyx̣i ‘you similarly’;

imanáyx̣uš ‘you first’.

[NE imaná(k); NW imanák; NP /ˀimené/; /ˀé/.]

Pronoun chart

Definition:

You. (as subject)

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Function:

Nominative plural.

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Examples:

1. apam imáy łq̓íwišana inmíki wɨšaaníktki ‘you who were playing with my treasure’;
2. apam wá imáy čná aníyi wiyáwat̓i ‘you who are made leaders here’;
3. pƛɨ́kpam wáta imáyč̓a ‘you [bitterroots] will also be bitter’;

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imaksá ‘you alone’;

imáysɨm ‘you only’;

imáyx̣i ‘you similarly’;

imáyx̣uš ‘you first’.

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[NE imá; NW imák; NP ˀimé /ˀim-mé/; /ˀétk/.]

Definition:

Yours, your, of you.

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Function:

Genitive singular.

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Examples:

1. kumaš čáw wá imíin ‘and it is not yours’;
2. amaš šín wačá imíin tíla ‘whoever was your grandfather’;
3. amaš kúušx̣i wáta imíin tún kumaš wáta átaw ‘in the same way that you have something and it is valuable to you’;
4. wát̓inam wášata kumaš wáta imíin ‘you will ride ahead and he’ll be yours’;
5. áq̓inušanaaš imíina ɨsx̣ɨ́pna ‘I saw your younger brother’;
6. iq̓inušanaaš imíinɨm áycnɨm ‘your younger sister saw me’;
7. imíin tamánwit ‘your law’;
8. imíin x̣túwit ‘your power’;
9. kunamta kʷná wiyánax̣tita imikíin qqaanáytki ‘and there along the way you will cry about your work’;
10. kutyaš aw kú átx̣unx̣a imikíin ‘but then I worry about you’;
11. imiláyk̓aymaš wá ‘it’s for you’;
12. átamaynačtanam tkʷátatna imiyawáy wáwnakʷšašyaw áwtnina ‘you will put the tabooed food into your body’;
13. imikníin iwáynana x̣ʷayamá ‘the eagle flew away from you’;
14. pawačá imipáyn ‘they were at your place’;
15. imipáyn wiyanínpa ‘in your travels’;

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imíinč̓a ‘you two also’;

imiksá ‘you two alone’;

imíisɨm ‘only you two’;

imíinx̣i ‘yours similarly’;

imíinx̣uš ‘you two first’.

[NW imínk; NP /ˀim´m/; /ˀé/.]

You two. Accusative dual. imiinamanáymataš níta ‘I will give it to you two’; imiinamanáyč̓a ‘you two also’; imiilamalaksá ‘you two alone’; imiinamanáysɨm ‘only you two’; imiinamanáyx̣i ‘you similarly’; imiinamanáyx̣uš ‘you two first’. [NE imiinamaná(k); NW imiininák.]

Yours, your, of you two. Genitive dual. Also imiinamíin. imiinamímaš wá k̓úsi ‘the horse belongs to you two’; iwáynana imiinamikníin ‘it flew away from you two’; imiinamikaní iwáynana ‘it flew toward you two’; imiinamiyawáy iwáynana ‘it flew to you two’; imiinamipáyn iwá ‘it’s at you two’s place’; imiinamikíin isɨ́nwiya ‘he talked about you two’; imiinamíč̓a ‘yours too’; imiilamiksá ‘yours alone’; imiinamísɨm ‘yours only’; imiinamísɨm ‘yours similarly’; imiinamíx̣uš ‘yours first’. [WS iminamín; NW imiinanmí.]

You two. Nominative dual. imiinípam wínaša ‘you two are going’; imiiní wínatk ‘you two go!’; imiiníč̓a ‘you two also’; imiiliksá ‘you two alone’; imiinísɨm ‘only you two’; imiiníx̣i ‘you two similarly’; imiiníx̣uš ‘you two first’. [NW imiiník.]

Definition:

You indeed.

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Example:

imníinam kúta ‘you should do it yourself’.

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=nam ‘you’ (singular);

=pam ‘you, yours, your’ (plural);

ím ‘you’ (nominative singular);

imanáy ‘you’ (accusative singular)

imalaksá ‘you alone’;

imanáysɨm ‘you only’;

imanáyx̣i ‘you similarly’;

imanáyx̣uš ‘you first’.

[NP ˀimníx.]

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Definition:

I.

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Function:

Nominative singular.

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Examples:

1. wát̓is wiyáwat̓wita ín ‘I will take the lead’;
2. ínmaš wiláalakʷa ‘I left you’;
3. áwnaš ín pináwšuwaša ‘now I am getting myself ready’;
4. kúušnaš áw ín wáta ‘thusly now I shall be’ (said when the myth characters answered to the law);
5. aš kú ín ttáwax̣šana kuš čáw mún wínax̣ana wánptyaw ‘when I was growing up I never would go to the medicine singing’;
6. k̓ʷáyšta kʷaaná kúuš átwanaša ín ‘in that way I am following that one’;
7. k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł ín šúkʷaša ‘that much I know’ (said at the end of speeches);
8. ínaš waníša Twáway tanánki ‘I am named Twáway in Indian’;
9. wačáaš ín amaš ín q̓ínušana ‘it was I who saw you’;
10. k̓ʷáyš wɨ́npta ín ‘I will get that’; áwnaš ínč̓a wɨ́npta tanán waníčt ‘now I also will receive an Indian name’;
11. čáwš ínč̓a šúkaša ‘I don’t know either’;
12. watx̣ɨ́naš ínč̓a wínata ‘may I go too?’;

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=naš ‘I, me, mine, my’ (second position pronoun);

ína / ináy ‘I’ (accusative singular);

ilksá ‘I alone’;

ínsɨm ‘I only’;

ínx̣i ‘I similarly’;

ínx̣uš ‘I first’.

[WS íni; NW ínk; NP /ˀín/; Klamath ni.]

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Definition:

Me.

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Examples:

1. áwnaš ičáx̣ɨlpayišamš ína pčɨ́š ‘he is opening the door for me now’;
2. paníyaaš x̣ax̣áykʷ ína ‘they gave me the money’;
3. kunam čáw pášukʷayiša ína sɨ́nwit ‘and you do not know my words’.

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ináy (Bruce Rigsby: “Vera [Jones] had only the ináy form; ína was Walla Walla.”)

=naš ‘I, me, mine, my.’ (pronominal suffix)

=na ‘I, me, mine, my.’ (pronominal suffix)

=š ‘I, me, mine, my.’ (pronominal suffix)

[NW inák; NP /ˀíne/.]

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Definition:

Me.

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Function:

Accusative singular.

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Examples:

1. ilayksáas iníya ‘he gave it to me alone’;
2. táymušapam ináy ‘you are telling me the news’;

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ín ‘I’ (nominative singular);

=naš ‘I, me, mine, my’ (second position pronoun);

ína ‘I’ (accusative singular);

ináyč̓a ‘me too’;

ináysɨm ‘me only’;

ináyx̣i ‘me similarly’;

ináyx̣uš ‘me first’.

[NE ína; NW inák; NP /ˀíne/.]

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I indeed, I myself. iníinaš kušána čáwš šínɨm iwapáatana ‘I was doing it myself, nobody helped me’. [NP ˀinníx.]

Mine, my. Genitive singular. wášnaš inmí ‘it is mine’; čáwš átq̓ix̣ša patún inmíyay ‘I don’t want things for myself’; inmíyawx̣inam išapáwinama kałáp ‘your grandmother sent you to me’; pawínana inmíkan ‘they went toward my place’; aƛ̓áwišamaš ƛ̓áax̣ʷki inmíki tɨmnáki ‘I am asking you with my whole heart’; iwá nč̓í inmíyaw ‘he is bigger than I’; áw míimi áw pápawalsaykɨnx̣ana inmíma nč̓ínč̓ima ‘long ago now my elders would tell one another stories’; inmíyaysɨm ‘for me only’; inmíč̓a ‘mine too’; ilmiksá ‘mine alone’; inmísɨm ‘only mine’; inmíx̣i ‘mine similarly’; inmíx̣uš ‘mine first’. With case concord: k̓ʷáynaš kúuš itɨmnanáx̣nawax̣ana inmínɨm káłanɨm ‘my grandmother used to tell me stories like that’; áykɨnx̣anaaš inmína káłaan ‘I used to hear my grandmother’; áwɨnaaš inmína miyánašna ‘I told my child’; k̓ʷáyš kúuš áwɨnx̣a inmímaaman miyánašmaaman ‘that’s what I tell my children’; k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł áykɨnx̣ana inmímaaman nč̓ínč̓imaaman sɨ́nwityaw ‘that much I used to hear my elders speak’; inmíkni tilamíkni pawačá kʷamɨ́łman ‘on my grandfather’s side were how many?’; kuš átx̣unx̣a inmíki pitx̣míki ‘and I worry about my uncle’. [K often nɨmí; NP ˀíinim /ˀín-nm/ (exclusive); /kíye/ (inclusive).]