Part of Speech: suffix

Definition:

To or from a standing position; inceptive.

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Function:

Forms verb

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Examples:

ámtayk ‘move in with in-laws’ (said of a woman);

čáwslayk ‘pull back a bow, aim a gun’;

čámx̣ʷlayk ‘lift out of the ground’;

č̓ɨ́mnayk ‘bundle to take home’;

haywáanayk ‘take a break, go on vacation’;

ɨmúnayk ‘stay with one’s in-laws’ (said of a man);

šátayk ‘camp together for the purpose of gathering food’;

tamápayk ‘roll off’;

táwx̣anayk ‘lie on the back’;

táwyanayk ‘live, settle down to live’;

tkʷápčayk ‘put the hand out’;

waláplayk ‘wrap around the braids’;

nákwaasikayk ‘stay at home with’;

yámuxlayk ‘demolish by flood’.

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[Cf. áyč (N ayík) ‘sit’, also the NP inceptive /-ík/.]

Definition:

Out.

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Function:

Forms verb

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Examples:

qáx̣ayt ‘fall out’;

x̣nɨ́mayt ‘dig out’.

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-nayt.

Function:

Forms verb

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Examples:

1. Palatalized variant of stem marker -k (which see).
   1. íłamayč ‘hide’;
   2. nákłamayč ‘misguide, lead astray’;
   3. páƛ̓ič ‘kill with the hand’;
   4. šapálk̓ʷič ‘cover up, bury’;
   5. šapáq̓ič ‘attach, tape, hang up’;
   6. šáq̓tč ‘plough’;
   7. tákʷtč ‘pull weeds, pick flowers’;
   8. tamáq̓ič ‘hang up’;
   9. támq̓ič ‘hang things over a pole’;
   10. tunáqʷtč ‘step on sharp object’;
   11. tunáƛ̓ič ‘step on and kill’;
   12. tútaƛ̓ič ‘kill by butting with the head’;
   13. waníč ‘name’;
   14. wáaq̓ič ‘get caught’;
   15. wáƛ̓ič ‘club to death’;
   16. wax̣íč ‘lay out’;
   17. wiláwɨx̣ič ‘blow down’;
   18. wiyáłamayč ‘be lost on the way’;
   19. yálk̓ʷič ‘cover with water, flood’;
   20. tɨx̣nɨmk̓icáwas ‘stirrup’.
2. A stem final č mutates to t before š:
   1. iwáyča ‘he crossed’;
   2. iwáytša ‘he is crossing’.

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[N -k; NP /-k/.]

Function:

Translocative directional. Palatalized form. Forms verb.

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-kik. wɨšáčič ‘move on’.

Function:

Past participle. Forms adjectives from nouns and verbs.

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Examples:

ataš kúuš wačá náma sápsik̓ʷani ‘such as we were taught’;

ku áwača wátisas aníyi kakyanmí p̓ip̓inmí ‘and his rope was made of animal intestine’;

tílaaki níyi iwačá miyuux̣míyaw ‘a woman was given to the chief’;

čáw mɨná iwačá aníyi tamicáwas ‘nowhere was there a cemetery made’;

áwata aníyi wilawiix̣tpamá ‘their racetrack will be made’;

ku iwá pčɨ́š wíwac̓aaki ‘and each door/gate is locked’;

wáx̣ɨmki iwá ɨst̓swáakuł ‘the corn is ground’;

níči iwá ‘he is put away (buried)’;

wɨ́npi iwá ‘he is arrested’;

lɨ́mq̓ini iwačá ‘he had his eyes closed’;

tmíyuni iwá ‘it is decided’;

šq̓múni iwá ‘it is wrinkled’;

wátana pamáwšuwani ‘we will be readied’;

ɨsɨ́xʷi ‘female salmon, female fish’;

áwtaši ‘wounded’;

áwtni ‘tabooed’;

čáwiwani ‘stretched’;

ílax̣ʷayx̣i ‘heated up’;

pánaymuni ‘related to one another’;

sapác̓ɨmki ‘sharpened’;

sapák̓stni ‘cooled down’;

sapasunaytí ‘wheel barrow’;

táax̣aluuni calutimat̓áwas ‘dyed cornhusk’;

wák̓ɨlki nɨkʷɨ́t ‘hamburger’;

walák̓iki łkmá ‘the stick-game bone with the mark’;

waníči ‘named’;

wánpi ‘sung (one who has sung the medicine song)’;

wášani ‘ridden’;

wáašani ‘adherent of the dreamer religion’;

xawíyi ‘mature, ripened’. With nouns: čáwx̣inam wá wɨłq̓ámi ‘you are not similarly shod’;

tamámi ‘cake’;

pátasi ‘quail’;

púuši ‘having juniper, worthless land’.

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After vowel: –ní

[NE -í; NP /-iˀins/.]

Function:

Imperative. Only in WS imperative plural.

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Function:

Forms verb.

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Example:

1. wínamti ‘y’all come!’.

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-k. [NP imperative /-i/ (only after vowel stems); Klamath imperative singular -i.]

Function:

Verbalizer. Forms verb.

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Examples:

1. ámani ‘marry’ (of a woman);
2. táˀawtaši ‘wound with an arrow (or bullet)’;
3. čáksksi ‘make small’;
4. čáynači ‘marry’ (of a man);
5. čx̣áwi ‘be fat’;
6. íkkmi ‘fill’;
7. íkuuksɨmi ‘straighten out’;
8. íniix̣i ‘fix’;
9. íƛ̓ɨmx̣ʷi ‘cover’;
10. kúuki ‘cook’;
11. lák̓ʷšk̓ʷši ‘turn brown from roasting’;
12. láqayx̣i ‘shine’;
13. láx̣yawi ‘dry’;
14. lax̣ʷayx̣łáyi ‘have the flu’;
15. łáyłayi ‘have measles, pox’;
16. páščti ‘mist, be misty’;
17. sapátaawayi ‘freeze’;
18. skúuli ‘go to school’;
19. sulátasi ‘put on leggings’;
20. šapáłkapi ‘have arthritis’;
21. šátɨmi ‘be autumn’;
22. tamc̓íc̓iti ‘hail’;
23. táatpasi ‘put on like a shirt’;
24. tilíwali ‘bleed’;
25. tuní ‘strike a match’;
26. t̓úx̣t̓ux̣i ‘rain’;
27. wawáx̣ɨmi ‘be spring’;
28. wɨłq̓ámi ‘put on moccasins’.
29. Productive with borrowed words:
    1. *town*i ‘go to town’;
    2. *watch*i ‘watch’.

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[NP /-hi/.]

Definition:

Together with someone or something.

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Function:

Associative case. Attach to nouns.

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Examples:

1. Requires plural subject or object verb agreement.
   1. pišíšin pawínašana ‘he was going with his aunt’;
   2. tútin wínatk ‘go with your father!’;
   3. wínšintaš wačá watím ‘the man was with me yesterday’;
   4. kʷnátaš ášx̣ana tiyawtášpa nax̣áx̣asayin ‘I used to go in that drying shed with my maternal aunt’;
   5. patáwyašana Wawatáwya Spilyáyin ‘Antelope was living with Coyote’;
   6. wiyánawiyaataš kʷiiní wínšin ‘I arrived with that man’;
   7. miyánašin pawá ‘she’s with her child’;
   8. ku aw kú patáwyašana káłayin ‘and then he was living with his grandmother’;
   9. kʷná patáwyanaykɨnx̣ana k̓ʷáy káłyin ‘that one used to live there with his grandmother’;
   10. pyápin payámx̣atwanaša pčápa ‘he with his older brother are crying after their mother’.
2. With accusative:
   1. álaakɨnšnaš Johnna Janeinaman ‘I have forgotten John along with Jane’.
3. Marks the ergative in the pragmatic inverse:
   1. ku kʷná čúušin pátwanana ƛ̓áax̣ʷmaaman ‘and there the water follows them all’;
   2. ku kúuk súlcasin pášapawinama čaaní ‘and then the army sent them here’;
   3. ku kʷaaná pátwanimta náx̣šin ɨsípin ‘and another younger sister will come following her’;
   4. ku káayk pákʷayix̣a kʷiiní plášin plɨ́splɨsin ‘and that snowberry cleans his (sore)’;
   5. kʷáal x̣ašta pánakwinana čúušin ‘maybe the water brought him that far’;
   6. ana tún iwá tkʷátat ana k̓ʷapɨ́n pániča čná tiičámpa naamíin aniłáyin ‘anything that is the food which our Creator put on this land’.

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[NP /-iins/ (a grammatical extension of the possessive function of the past participle).]

Definition:

With something (as a tool or in a manner), by something (as a tool or in a manner).

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Function:

Instrumental case. Attach to nouns.

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Examples:

1. išáx̣ƛ̓ka nɨkʷɨ́tna x̣apiłmíki ‘he cut the meat with his knife’;
2. páwɨnpa apápki ‘he grabbed him with his hand’;
3. šk̓apášwayki paˀaníx̣a k̓alk̓alípš ‘they make the cradleboard bow with rose’;
4. ku pawáp̓ax̣ana paƛ̓aapá kʷɨ́nkix̣i taxʷɨ́ski ‘and they used to weave their basket hats with that same dogbane’;
5. pamáwšuwanx̣ana walptáyktki ‘they used to get themselves ready with singing’;
6. tiičámna páˀiƛ̓ɨmx̣ʷix̣a pɨnmikíin púwiki ‘it covers the ground with its snow’;
7. kuš skúulix̣ana k̓úsiki ‘and I used to go to school by horse’;
8. iyáytaša wásaski ‘he is floating along by raft’;
9. wínax̣anaataš c̓íkc̓iki čɨ́ni ‘we used to go from here by wagon’;
10. pináˀutpša lišáalki ‘she is putting a shawl around her shoulders’;
11. níix̣kiš ásamx̣nax̣ana inmímaaman miyánašmaaman ‘I used to talk to my children in a good way’;
12. kunam pinánaknuwita níix̣kisim px̣ʷíki ‘you should take care of yourself with only good thoughts’;
13. ásamx̣našanaataš naamíki sɨ́nwitki ‘we were talking to them in our language’;
14. čnáš máan iwaníša tanánki čí ‘how is this named in Indian?’;
15. áwnaš ititámaša tanánki ‘now I am counting in Indian’;
16. isɨ́nwiša šuyaputɨ́mki ‘he is speaking in English’;
17. sɨ́nwisanaaš káˀuyitki ‘I was talking about the root feast’;
18. átx̣uša wánaki ‘he’s worrying about the river’;
19. kkáwšaaš x̣ax̣áykʷi ‘I feel bad about the money’;
20. pasɨ́nwiša kʷɨ́nki tilaakinmíki ‘they are talking about that woman’;
21. ana pmáy pamániyayišana waq̓íšwit čɨ́nki tiičámki ‘they (the soldiers) who were giving their lives because of this land’;
22. súyak̓papki itwák̓ʷiiškša ipáax̣ ‘he’s spreading butter on the bread’;
23. iwáynuuša nɨkʷɨ́t čúuški ‘she’s boiling the meat in water’.

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[NP /-ki/.]

Definition:

From, out of (from), off (from).

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Functions:

Ablative case. Attach to nouns.

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Examples:

1. pawiyánawiya Ímatalamkni ‘they arrived from Umatilla’;
2. pínapu pawačá inmíkni tilamíkni ‘there were four from my maternal grandfather’s side’;
3. ača kú tmɨ́š iwiyáwat̓wix̣a ƛ̓áax̣ʷkni ana tún iwá tmaanít ‘because the chokecherry leads from all that is the fruit’;
4. itináytšamš x̣ʷiyáytškni ‘he backed out of the sweathouse’;
5. itiyánpa tílaaki miyuux̣míkni ‘he took the woman away from the chief’;
6. kúuk ƛ̓áax̣ʷ pɨnmíin wáwnakʷšaš ápinawšuwanx̣a špámkni ánɨmiyaw ‘then all its body gets itself ready from autumn to winter’;
7. ƛ̓áax̣ʷna wá pápanaymuni ana kúuš lɨ́xskni ttáwax̣tkni ‘we are all related to each other as from a single pedigree’;
8. ičúuša wánakni ‘he is drinking out of the creek’;
9. iƛúpwaaničanwiya pšwákni ‘he jumped off the rock’;
10. k̓ʷáy iwá sápsik̓ʷat míimikni ‘that is the teaching from long ago’;
11. inákpaaša luc̓áan mɨqɨ́škni ‘she is separating the red from the orange’;
12. aw kú iwáynana x̣ʷayamá inmíkni ‘then the eagle flew from me’;
13. x̣ʷayamá iwáynana naamíkni ‘the eagle flew away from us’;
14. napiinamíkni iwáynana ‘he flew away from us two’;
15. mɨ́taat x̣áyx̣ pačwáywitkni ‘three days from Sunday’;
16. núšnukni tilíwal ‘nose bleed’.

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[N -knik; NP /-kn̓ik/; cf. Klamath -kni (Barker 1963b:188).]

Definition:

Alone.

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Function:

Attach to pronouns and nouns.

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=sá.

Definition:

Specifically for someone or something.

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Function:

Benefactive case. Emphatic. Attach to pronouns or determiners.

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Examples:

1. imiláyk̓aymaš wá ‘you have it for yourself’;
2. imiláyk̓ay iwá tkʷátat ‘the food is for you’;
3. paˀaníya paamiláyk̓ay ‘they made it for them/themselves’;
4. tkʷátat iwačá inmiláyk̓ay ‘the food was for me’;
5. imaamiláyk̓ay ‘for you all’;
6. pɨnmiláyk̓ay ‘for him’;
7. kʷnáyk̓ay ‘for that place’.

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[NW -k̓aláy.]

Definition:

A thing, person, or people specifically does something for work or habits. Also a person or people from a region. equivalent to English -er, -or, -ian.

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Function:

Agentive nominalizer. Forms nouns.

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Examples:

1. aniłá ‘maker’;
2. paykłá ‘obedient’;
3. waasklikłá ‘wheel’;
4. lax̣ʷayx̣łá ‘one who gets overheated’;
5. sapsik̓ʷałá ‘teacher’;
6. šax̣aapłá ‘sawyer, millwright’;
7. wapaatałá ‘helper’;
8. naknuwiłá ‘keeper, care taker’;
9. uyiłá ‘beginner’;
10. wanpłá ‘medicine singer’;
11. wapaanłá ‘grizzly bear’;
12. wawyałá ‘whipman’;
13. tamaˀuyiłá ‘lead off person (stick-game, baseball, etc.)’;
14. pstxłá ‘blacksmith’;
15. waasklikłá ‘wheel’;
16. wawc̓aakłá k̓úsimaaman ‘horse shoer’;
17. tkʷaynpłáma ‘hunters’;
18. x̣niłáma ‘root diggers’.
19. Also suffixes to nouns in Columbia River:
    1. Imatalamłá ‘Umatilla person’;
    2. Hawtmiłáma ‘McKay Creek people’.

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[NP /-ew̓et(u)/.]

Definition:

Towards to the speaker or the speaker side. Also has the meaning of appearing up, coming out of, or an action suddenly comes up to the speaker.

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Function:

Cislocative. After consonant. Attach to verbs.

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Example:

iwínɨma ‘he came’.

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-m (after vowel)

[NP /-m/.]

Definition:

Towards to the speaker or the speaker side. Also has the meaning of appearing up, coming out of, or an action suddenly comes up to the speaker.

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Function:

Cislocative directional. After vowel. Attach to verbs.

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Example:

1. wínam (or wínɨm) ‘come!’;
2. ášɨm ‘come in!’;
3. yíknɨm ‘hear me!’;
4. páyknɨm ‘hear me!’;
5. wánwim ‘come down!’;
6. wáwnayim ‘excuse me!’;
7. sápsik̓ʷanɨm sɨ́nwit ‘teach me the language’;
8. wɨ́npatam čí útpas ‘come get this blanket!’;
9. tkʷátatamtk ‘come and eat!’;
10. wáawiyanawiyawamtk ‘come stop in for a while!’;
11. wáatkʷatamtk ‘come eat!’;
12. ku iyáwaaypx̣ɨma ‘and he came floating downstream’;
13. ana k̓ʷapɨ́n míimi pášapawinama naamímaaman nč̓ínč̓imaaman ‘the aforementioned who long ago had our ancestors come here’;
14. panáytimaaš ‘I came up’;
15. ttáwax̣nɨmaaš ‘I grew up here’;
16. iwámš ‘he is coming’;
17. pátwanɨmta ɨsípin x̣áwšin ‘her younger sister the cous will come following her [the celery]’;
18. itúnišama ‘he was coming upstream’;
19. ix̣áyx̣šamš ‘it is dawning’;
20. iq̓ínwatax̣amšnaš ‘she comes to see me’;
21. ku ánč̓ax̣i iwáanaynačtux̣ʷɨnx̣ama ‘and he would come back inside again’.

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–kik (translocative directional)

[NP /-m/.]

Function:

Past participle. With nouns there is the sense of ‘having’. Forms adjectives from verbs.

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Examples:

pinatitnašaní ‘rusty, full of holes’;

wɨx̣aní ‘having feet, footed, legged’.

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After a consonant: -i.

Diminutive -lí.

Definition:

As genitive of composition or origin; etc. Belonging to someone or something.

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Function:

Genitive case. -mí after a consonant. Attach to the end of a noun.

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Examples:

1. apɨ́łapł iišmí ‘leaves of the cow parsnip’;
2. ilukasmí ɨstí ‘wooden needle’;
3. k̓usinmí tútanik ‘horse hair’;
4. mɨx̣ɨšmí x̣ax̣áykʷ ‘gold coin, gold piece’;
5. nɨnɨknɨnɨkmí tɨmná ‘columbine seeds’;
6. nusuxmí k̓úpaš ‘salmon back’;
7. nusuxmí wáłx̣ʷas ‘salmon tail’;
8. nusuxmí yápaš ‘salmon grease’;
9. pipšmí wášɨmux̣š ‘bone necklace’;
10. puušmí tmaanít ‘juniper berries’;
11. p̓ip̓inmí wátisas ‘intestine rope’;
12. tk̓unmí k̓ʷáalk níit ‘tule long house’;
13. tk̓unmí tamátačay ‘tule mat table cloth’;
14. kakyamaamí winanuut̓áwas ‘bird bath’;
15. naamí tananmaamí sɨ́nwit ‘our Indian language’;
16. spilyaynmí áčaš ‘buttercups, contact lenses’;
17. šɨlɨmmí psá ‘cascara bark’;
18. tanán waníčt tkʷatatmí ‘the Indian name of the food’;
19. t̓ux̣t̓ux̣mí łławt̓áwas ‘rain gutter’;
20. t̓ux̣t̓ux̣mí watám ‘rain puddle’;
21. x̣ʷaamanmí púkła ‘eagle plume’;
22. yakanmí nɨkʷɨ́t ‘bear meat’;
23. áwa c̓áa náymu waničtmí ‘the name has a close relative’;
24. pštmí áwa ‘it’s his father’s’;
25. áƛ̓iyawiya winšmí pɨnašaamí x̣ɨ́tway ‘the man’s wife’s friend died’;
26. Hawtminmí áwa waníčt ‘they’re names of McKay creek’;
27. sɨknisɨ́kni áwa pát sɨt̓xʷsmí ‘yellow bell is hyacinth’s older sister’;
28. k̓ʷáy áwa útpas čɨnmíin tiičammí ‘that [the snow] is this earth’s blanket’;
29. ku čikúuk iwá šuyapunmí płɨ́x̣ ‘and today there is the whiteman’s medicine’;
30. núsux ituníšana tananmaamí tkʷátataš ‘salmon went upriver for the people to eat’;
31. čáw máan wínatay wayx̣tiłanmí uu k̓ʷáyk̓a áw waynałanmí ‘nowhere to go by car or plane’.
32. Oblique human nominals are put in the genitive before oblique case marking:
    1. áwnam wínata X̣ʷaamayaynmíyaw ‘now you will go to Eagle’s [place]’;
    2. úykninam pinánaymuta naamíyaw aniłanmíyaw ‘even more you should relate to our Creator’;
    3. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’.
33. As derivational suffix:
    1. luc̓anmí ‘penny’;
    2. plašmí ‘silver dollar’;
    3. ttɨx̣šmí / ttx̣šmí ‘willow basket’;
    4. x̣apiłmí ‘knife’;

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[NP /-nm/; Klamath -(ˀ)am (Barker 1963b:32); Molala –ˀam.]

Definition:

At, on, in a place or a thing.

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Function:

Locative case. Attach to nouns.

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Examples:

1. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
2. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’;
3. ittáwax̣na Ímatalampa ‘she grew up at Umatilla’;
4. ačanam kú ttáwax̣na nč̓ípa ataymat̓áwaspa ‘because he grew up in the big city’;
5. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
6. náx̣š waníčt ipáyšta náx̣špa kʷná páx̣ałk̓ʷipa ‘a name will come out on that one Friday’;
7. ača kú iwačá naknúwiyi šuyapumaamípa ‘because he was taken care of among the white people’;
8. páwawšpa łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he hit him on the head’;
9. páwawyana pɨnmipáyn łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he beat him on his head’;
10. wínax̣anaaš náptipa nɨknípa ‘I used to go at two o’clock’;
11. mɨ́łpan iwá nɨknípa ‘what time is it?’;
12. k̓úycipa nɨknípa ‘nine o’clock’;
13. čná tiičámpa ‘in this land’;
14. yáƛ̓pitpa tiičámpa ‘in the wetlands’;
15. páx̣atipa wáwtuktpa ‘on the fifth day’;
16. tímašpa ‘on paper’;
17. tkʷátatpa ‘in the food’;
18. skúulpa ‘at school’;
19. ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘beautiful in appearance’;
20. níix̣ q̓ínupa ‘good looking’;
21. inmípa wiyáx̣ayx̣tpa ‘in my daily living’;
22. imaamipáyn tɨmnápa ‘in your hearts’;
23. ánɨmpa ‘in winter’;
24. wášani k̓úsipa ‘ridden on the horse, on horseback’.
25. With nominalized verbs:
    1. ataš kú wiyákʷštikɨnx̣ana túpan łq̓íwitpa ‘when we used to do wrong in some playing’;
    2. k̓ʷíya iwá páyu núkšitpa ‘valarian smells awful’;
    3. at̓úk iwá x̣nítpa kápɨnki ‘it is hard to dig with the digging stick’;
    4. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ iwáta ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘all will be beautiful to see’.

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[NP /-pe/; probably a grammaticalized extension of PS *pe ‘be situated’.]