Part of Speech: prefix

Function:

Obviative pronominal. The allomorph áw- occurs before vowels. Attach to the beginning of a verb.

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Examples:

1. Possessor of subject in intransitive clauses:
   1. ana kú áwat̓ix̣ana ‘when his would cook’;
   2. ku aw kú ápinawšuwana káła ‘and then his grandmother got herself ready’;
   3. k̓ʷáy áwa paamíin táwyanaykt ‘that was their dwelling’;
   4. ku áwiyatk̓uka sc̓atmí ‘and theirs was midnight’;
   5. ku áwiyanawiya x̣áy tiskayayanmí X̣ʷaamayáy ‘and Skunk’s friend Eagle arrived’;
   6. čí áwa tananmaamí tkʷátat ‘this is the Indian’s food’.
2. Direct object in transitive and ditransitive clauses (when subject is 1st or 2nd person):
   1. álaaknayišnaš waníčt ‘I have forgotten his name’;
   2. áwišnaaš útpas ‘I won the blanket from them’;
   3. ana kú tk̓ʷíikʷ ásapsik̓ʷata naamí sɨ́nwit ‘when we teach them our language correctly’;
   4. čáwnam mún miyánašna áwawyata ‘you never should whip a child’;
   5. anam kú átalax̣itkta miyánašmaaman ‘when you discipline the children’.

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[NW á-/áw- serves a broader obviative function; NP /ˀe-/; /ˀew-/ before /ˀR/ (R = Resonant).]

Definition:

With the teeth, in eating; pulling; Attach to the beginning of transitive verbs.

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Examples:

1. čáˀuyˀun ‘grab and shake’;
2. čáč̓q ‘split’;
3. čáku ‘pull’;
4. čáksksi ‘make small’;
5. čák̓aywak ‘shorten’;
6. čák̓ptk ‘ball up’;
7. čák̓uk ‘bundle’;
8. čák̓ʷlk ‘chew’;
9. čámx̣ʷlayk ‘lift out of the ground’;
10. čánp ‘bite’;
11. čánpšk ‘take away from’;
12. čápaa ‘separate, sort’;
13. čápaynač ‘put inside the mouth’;
14. čápt̓ux̣ ‘stretch’;
15. čáp̓uyk ‘harrow’;
16. čátamanayt ‘take out’;
17. čátax̣ši ‘stretch’;
18. čátk̓ʷk ‘straighten out’;
19. čáƛ̓ɨmux̣ ‘put on bandana’;
20. čúun ‘drink’;
21. čáwaaluuk ‘raise up in the air’;
22. čáwaaničaša ‘pull up on’;
23. čáwaanknik ‘put around the outside’;
24. čáwaax̣aap ‘line a tepee’;
25. čáwayna ‘have a tug of war’;
26. čáwiwa ‘stretch’;
27. čáwyaninn ‘wander from place to place’;
28. čáx̣ɨlp ‘open’;
29. čáx̣ɨmk ‘crumble’;
30. čáx̣ʷaami ‘pick up’;
31. čáx̣ʷłk ‘loosen, extract’;
32. čáyawna ‘pull over’;
33. wiyáčawaatk̓uk ‘rein in (horse)’.

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ká-. [NP /ké-/.]

Function:

Emphatic. This historical prefix is built into the pronouns.

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Examples:

1. Frozen in
   1. ín ‘I’;
   2. ím ‘you’;
   3. íčɨn ‘to this’;
   4. íkʷɨn ‘to that’;
   5. ímɨn ‘where to?’;
   6. ičiškíin ‘in this language’.
2. Largely productive in NW:
   1. čáwnaš átq̓ix̣ša ikuunák áyatnan ‘I do not want that exact woman’ (Jacobs 1929:224:8);
   2. cf. kuunák Spilyáy itk̓ína ‘Coyote watched that’ (Jacobs 1929:230:14).

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[NP /ˀí-/ with 1st person, /ˀi-/ with 2nd and 3rd person and interrogative pronouns.]

Function:

Transitivizer (turns intransitive verbs into transitive verbs).

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Examples:

1. Without -k:
   1. íkkmi / íkkɨmi ‘fill’;
   2. ílac̓muyn ‘warm up’;
   3. ílapaša ‘lay hands on for healing’;
   4. ílax̣yawi ‘dry’;
   5. ílax̣ʷayx̣ ‘heat’;
   6. ílwi ‘testify, confess’;
   7. ínaq̓i ‘finish’;
   8. ínaat̓i ‘cook’;
   9. ínawi ‘try, test’;
   10. íniix̣i ‘fix’;
   11. ípuxpuxi ‘spread around’;
   12. íqaax̣ta ‘pour into’;
   13. ísx̣ɨx̣n ‘infuriate, make angry’;
   14. ítux̣ ‘take back, return’;
   15. ítwa ‘mix’;
   16. ít̓x̣aša ‘smoke’;
   17. íƛ̓aapn ‘lost out on’;
   18. íƛ̓iyawi ‘kill’;
   19. íƛ̓ɨmux̣i ‘cover’;
   20. íyatna ‘kill’;
   21. íyaƛ̓pi ‘wet, moisten’;
   22. íyawa ‘drive away’.
2. With -k:
   1. íkiik ‘clean’;
   2. ímiik ‘tan’;
   3. ímuyk ‘wring out and stretch’;
   4. ítk̓ʷk / ítk̓ʷɨk ‘straighten’;
   5. íc̓ik ‘sweeten’;
   6. ík̓uk ‘pile’;
   7. ík̓ʷaank ‘spoil, give constant attention’;
   8. íluk ‘build a fire’;
   9. íłamayč ‘hide’;
   10. íłik ‘bother’;
   11. íšq̓uk ‘rub on grease, anoint’;
   12. íšwik ‘reciprocate on the Indian trade’;
   13. íqʷik ‘perfume’;
   14. ítyak̓uk ‘crowd’;
   15. íwayk ‘trap, catch’;
   16. íx̣alk̓uk ‘give a sudden scare’.

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[NP /hí-/.]

Definition:

Your.

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Function:

Used with kinship terms when the relative is younger. Attach to kinship nouns.

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Examples:

1. ímpuša ‘my [man speaking] son’s child’;
2. ímkała ‘my [woman speaking] daughters child’;
3. ímišt ‘your son’;
4. ímpap ‘your (a man’s) daughter’;
5. ímƛ̓aks ‘your sister (said by a woman)’;
6. ímyuks ‘your (a woman’s) younger sister’.

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[NP /ˀim-/.]

Definition:

With the teeth, mouth, in eating. Attach to the beginning of verbs.

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Examples:

1. káˀilawi ‘taste’;
2. káˀuyi ‘eat first, observe the firstfruits’;
3. kánaq̓i ‘finish eating’;
4. káanwi ‘eat up, devour’;
5. kášk̓ululapn ‘eat too much fat’;
6. káƛ̓in ‘spit’;
7. káƛ̓iyawi ‘kill with food, poison’;
8. káƛ̓x̣ʷ ‘eat up, devour’;
9. káwaaluuk ‘pick up with the mouth’.

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Nonpalatalized variant of čá-.

[NP /ké-/.]

Definition:

My.

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Function:

With kinship terms when the possessor is younger than the kinsman. Co-occurs with -as. Attach to nouns.

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Examples:

1. natútas ‘my father’;
2. naˀíłas ‘my mother’;
3. napúsas ‘my paternal grandfather’;
4. natílas ‘my maternal grandfather’;
5. nakáłas ‘my maternal grandmother’;
6. naˀálas ‘my paternal grandmother’;
7. nayáyas ‘my elder brother’.

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[NP /neˀ-/, though cognate, co-occurs with no “-as” suffix.]

Definition:

With noise, vocalization.

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Function:

Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. náčipši ‘vomit while crying’;
2. náša ‘make noise’;
3. nátkʷata ‘eat while talking’;
4. náwa(č) ‘say, talk, speak’;
5. náwanič ‘call out a name’;
6. náwayx̣ti ‘run along hollering’;
7. nawinałá ‘thunder’;
8. náwiyaˀani ‘noisily make on the way’;
9. náwiyanawi ‘arrive to ask’;
10. náwiyanax̣ti ‘cry along the way’;
11. náwiyanayt ‘go out singing’;
12. náwiyatkʷata ‘eat on the way while talking’;
13. náwiyawayx̣ti ‘run along hollering’;
14. náwšayč ‘utter, say’;
15. náx̣ašwi ‘ask to go; challenge’;
16. náx̣ti ‘cry, weep’;
17. náttun ‘language’.

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[NP /ˀle-/.]

Definition:

Manipulate, pull (fiber, rope, etc.).

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Function:

Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. nɨkápac̓aak ‘tie together’;
2. nɨkáštk ‘tie, tie up’;
3. twánkapa ‘part the hair in the middle’.

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[NP /nké-/.]

Function:

Inverse. Attaches to the beginning of a verb.

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Example:

1. Semantic inverse (2nd to 1st person transitive action): páwapaatam ‘help me!’;
   1. páyknɨm ‘hear me!’;
   2. pánim táwax̣ ‘give me a smoke!’;
   3. páq̓inušanam ‘you see me’;
   4. kunam pánaknuwiyayita inmíma náymuma ‘and you will take care of my relatives’;
   5. k̓ʷałánam páni ‘glad you have given it to me’ (equals ‘thank you!’);
   6. kunam pánita patún ‘and you will give me things’;
   7. maykʷáaniknam pášapakʷyamta imíin tamánwit ’cause me to believe your law all the more’;
   8. kunam pánimta imíin q̓ʷłtɨ́pwit čná tiičámpa ‘and you will give me your strength in this land’.
2. Pragmatic inverse (3rd person secondary or nontopic to 3rd person topic transitive action):
   1. natútasayin pátwapaytiša k̓usik̓úsina ‘my father is chasing the horse’;
   2. ku pátamanwiya áwtyanam ímč̓a wáta x̣nít ‘and he ordained her: now you’re also going to be a root’;
   3. nč̓ínč̓imaaman pánaknuwiya ‘he took care of the elders’;
   4. ana kʷiiní pánaknuwiša miyánašmaaman ‘that one which is taking care of the children’;
   5. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ páwɨnpayiša paamanáy ‘he is getting all of theirs’;
   6. pániya wɨłq̓ám ‘he gave him the moccasins’. Used in nominalized complements: átq̓ix̣šanaaš páwilawiix̣tyaw ‘I wanted him to race’;
   7. pasɨ́nwišana pátiwitki ‘they were talking about fighting’;
   8. pasɨ́nwišana páwawyatki ‘they were talking about getting whipped’.
3. Used derivationally:
   1. pák̓un ‘have a meeting’;
   2. pámaliin ‘have a wedding’;
   3. pánaq̓i ‘converge, come together’;
   4. panaymunáł ‘cold, aloof’;
   5. pánaymuni ‘related’;
   6. pášwin ‘be high priced’;
   7. patanawíix̣n ‘argue’;
   8. pawilawíix̣n ‘race’;
   9. páwiyak̓uk ‘call a meeting, assemble’;
   10. páwšk̓uk ‘camp together’;
   11. páyuumn ‘have fun, celebrate’;
   12. paˀalyáwat ‘the stick-game’;
   13. paˀɨstpłá ‘water monster’;
   14. pamc̓yax̣ʷałá ‘listener, eavesdropper’;
   15. pánaymuni ‘related’;
   16. panayšłá ‘whirlpool’;
   17. pápšx̣uyit ‘wedding trade’;
   18. pasapilɨmłá ‘one who makes fun of others’;
   19. patalwaskłá ‘gossiper’;
   20. pawawyałá ‘whipman’;
   21. pawiyalɨxssímwit ‘treaty’;
   22. pawiyapaanáwas ‘fork in the road’;
   23. pax̣twayłá ‘friendly person’;
   24. paykłá ‘obedient’;
   25. payknáł ‘disobedient’.

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[NP /pé-/ marks 3rd person on 3rd person transitive action.]

Function:

Reflexive plural. Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. pamáwšuwašaataš ‘we are getting ourselves ready’;
2. wátana pamáwšuwani ‘we will be readied’;
3. čáwpam pamánaktamawta ‘you shouldn’t get carried away’;
4. pamáˀiix̣ɨnx̣ana kʷɨ́nki ‘they would wash themselves with that’;
5. pamáq̓inušana ‘they saw themselves’;
6. ku pamáwɨnpɨnx̣ana kʷná waláč̓witšpa ‘and they would get themselves in that belt’;
7. ana pmáy pamániyayišana waq̓íšwit čɨ́nki tiičámki ‘they who were giving their lives for this land’;
8. pamáˀisɨp̓ix̣a ‘they cover themselves up’;
9. pamániya sulcasmíyaw ‘they volunteered themselves for the army’;
10. památaatpasit ‘clothing’.

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piná- (Reflexive singular);

[NW piimá-; NP /nemé-/ ‘ourselves’; /ˀimé-/ ‘yourself’; /ˀimemé-/ ‘yourselves, themselves’.]

Function:

Reflexive singular. Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. aš kúuš ín pináq̓inušana ‘as I saw myself’;
2. aš kúuš pináˀititamanawašana ‘as I was reading to myself’;
3. áwnaš pinánawnaq̓i ín nápt túskaski napiiní ‘now I have just finished two sevens’;
4. k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł ínč̓a pináčax̣ɨlpayi inmí sɨ́nwit tanánki ičiškíin ‘that much have I opened my words in the Indian language’;
5. pináp̓x̣tanam ‘you should have confidence’;
6. pináˀikiikayik núšnu ‘clean your nose!’;
7. kunam pinánaknuwita níix̣kisim px̣ʷíki ‘you should take care of yourself with only good thoughts’;
8. úykninam pinánaymuta naamíyaw aniłanmíyaw ‘even more you should relate to our Creator’;
9. ku kʷɨ́nki pinánkaštkɨnx̣ana ‘and he would tie himself up with that’;
10. ana kú pinátamasklikɨnx̣a anwíčt ‘when the year turns itself around’;
11. pináwšuwanx̣a ánɨmiyaw ku anmíwityaw ‘it gets itself ready for winter and for the year’;
12. náaptit ku náx̣š áwawtukɨnx̣a anx̣ayx̣mí ku kúuk pinátamasklikɨnx̣a tiičám wawáx̣ɨmityaw ánɨmkni ‘night falls the twenty first of the month and then the earth turns itself to spring from winter’;
13. ku aw kú ápinawšuwana káła ‘and then his grandmother got herself ready’;
14. kúuk ƛ̓áax̣ʷ pɨnmíin wáwnakʷšaš ápinawšuwanx̣a špámkni ánɨmiyaw ‘then all its body gets itself ready from autumn for winter’;
15. pɨnmíin wáwnakʷšaš ápinawšuwanx̣a špámkni ánɨmiyaw ‘its body gets itself ready from fall to winter’;
16. pinaq̓inut̓áwas ‘window’.

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pamá- (Reflexive plural);

[NP /ˀiné-/ ‘myself’; /ˀimé-/ ‘yourself’; /ˀipné-/ ‘himself, herself, itself’.]

Definition:

make someone or something to do something individually.

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Function:

Causative. Diminutive (individuative). Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. sapác̓ɨmk ‘sharpen’;
2. sapákiik ‘clean’;
3. sapák̓stn ‘cool down, freeze’;
4. sapák̓psn ‘cool down’;
5. sapák̓uk ‘gather together’;
6. sapák̓ʷłtik ‘dry, dry off’;
7. sapálalp̓a ‘paint a picture’;
8. sapátaawayi ‘freeze’;
9. sapúukasi ‘copy’;
10. sapaˀixáwas ‘soap’;
11. sapacanpáwas ‘bit, bridle’;
12. sapak̓pstpamá ‘refrigerator, freezer, locker’;
13. sapasunaytí ‘wheel barrow’;
14. sapátwa ‘salve’;
15. sapawaq̓ɨpáwas ‘button’;
16. sapáx̣ʷluus ‘fishing scaffold’.
17. sapat̓ax̣ináwi ‘measure’;
18. sapáƛupwaalata ‘fish with a fixed net at a fish jumping place’;
19. sapáwiilata ‘rope fish at a waterfall’;
20. sapáx̣aluun ‘catch fish at a fish weir’;

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šapá- (regular causative)

[NP /cepé-/.]

Definition:

Make something each do something.

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Function:

Causative. Distributive. Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

šápč̓ɨmnayk ‘make bundles to give away’;

šáplɨk̓ʷič ‘bury (distributive)’;

šápni ‘ask’;

šáptiyanayti ‘drive away’;

šáptiyaynač ‘corral’;

šápt̓ux̣ ‘stretch hide’;

šápwaapaa ‘separate’.

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šapá- regular causative [NP /sép-/.]

Function:

Causative. Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. šapáˀat ’cause to go out, milk’;
2. šapáˀutp ‘put around shoulders’;
3. šapákaƛ̓iyawi ‘poison’;
4. šapák̓uk ‘gather up’;
5. šapálatiwa ’cause to emit odor’;
6. šapáluluk ‘nurse, breast feed’;
7. šapáluluuk ‘make smooth’;
8. šapalúun ‘put in water, soak’;
9. šapáłkap ‘have arthritis’;
10. šapámx̣šk ‘dye’;
11. šapáq̓ič ‘tape on’;
12. šapáq̓ɨp ‘put together, fasten, staple’;
13. šapáq̓ʷłtik ‘rub off’;
14. šapátkʷata ‘feed’;
15. šapátkʷaynač ‘knock down’;
16. šapáttawax̣n ‘grow, raise’;
17. šapátwa ‘mix’;
18. šapáƛ̓iip ‘break up’;
19. šapáwakmuyk ’cause to buck, have rodeo’;
20. šapáwala ’cause to flow, milk’;
21. šapáwaaluuk ‘raise’;
22. šapáwanp ’cause to sing the medicine song’;
23. šapáwašɨmux̣ ‘put horse collar on’;
24. šapáwaat̓ałak ‘flatten’;
25. šapáwawk̓at ‘causing anger’;
26. šapáwawya ’cause to whip’;
27. šapáwina ‘send’;
28. šapáwiyatk̓uk ‘straighten’;
29. šapáx̣ʷłk ‘pull off’;
30. šapačanptpamá ‘pliers’;
31. šapáˀawqalayti ‘bowl’;
32. šapataawaytpamá ‘ice chest, cooler’;
33. šapátk̓i ‘show, display, performance’.
34. ku pášapatk̓ʷax̣aapa ‘and he had her walk between’;
35. anam kʷɨ́nki pašapálaliwatax̣na ‘with that which they could make you lonely’;
36. k̓úsi pašapáwayx̣tita ‘they will have their horses run’;
37. kutaš ášapasɨnwix̣a tanánki ‘and we have them talk in Indian’;
38. anam kú pašapátk̓ʷawaat̓wita ‘when they have you take the lead’;
39. ku kʷiiní ƛ̓áax̣ʷ wáx̣wayčtna pášapayawaynašana ‘and that one caused the bridge to wash out completely’;
40. pašapáˀawqalalaytix̣ana ‘they would make it roll along’;
41. kuš išapáwašax̣ana k̓úsipa ‘and he used to have me ride on the horse’;
42. kunam ášapawinanuuta kʷɨ́nki čalúkški ‘and you bathe him with that fern-leaved desert parsley’;
43. patášapawawp̓kɨnx̣a ‘they cause them to hatch’;
44. apam kʷɨ́nki išapáˀat̓ɨlpɨnx̣a ‘with that which it makes you crazy’;
45. pašapáp̓x̣tax̣nanam paamanáy ‘they can cause you to remember them’;
46. kutaš kʷná ášapax̣nišana x̣áwš ‘and there we were having them dig cous’;
47. kutaš k̓ʷapɨ́n tímašpa pašapáwač̓akša ‘and they are having us put the aforementioned on paper’;
48. kutaš k̓ʷapɨ́n išapáq̓inunx̣ana áq̓inutk ‘and he would have us see the aforementioned: look at him!’;
49. amaš íkʷɨn šapáwaqitatašana ‘there where I was going in order to have you look’;
50. maykʷáaniknam pášapakʷyamta imíin tamánwit ’cause me to believe your law the more’;
51. X̣ʷaamayáyin miyánašma pášapawx̣ina kʷaaná tílaakina ‘Eagle made that woman lose her children’;
52. pašapáˀaniya níit ‘they had [him] build the house’;

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[NP /sepé-/.]

Definition:

Placing, putting, throwing.

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Function:

Distributive. Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. támc̓i ‘flavor, spice’;
2. tamc̓íc̓it ‘hail’;
3. tamnínn ‘run around, get into trouble’;
4. támq̓ʷɨp ‘fold’;
5. tamskáwi ‘pick up others discards’;
6. támsɨnwi ‘sing the words of a song’;
7. támƛ̓aak ‘patch’;
8. tamx̣paláyk ‘misplace, forget how’.

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[NP /tém-/.]

Definition:

Suddenly, uncaused.

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Function:

Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. ku aw kú itqáwača áswan pɨlksásɨmk̓a ‘and then suddenly the boy was all alone’;
2. ku itqáwiyaninx̣ana ‘and suddenly he would be wandering around’;
3. itqáčipšiša ‘suddenly he threw up (vomited)’;

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tqáhawtk ‘be a landslide’;

tqátamawa ‘catch a ride with’;

tqáwqin ‘fall down’.

qá- (uddenly, uncaused),

tx̣á- (uddenly, uncaused),

x̣á- (uddenly, uncaused),

[NP /tqe-/.]

Definition:

In rapid motion; for awhile.

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Function:

Attach to verbs.

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Examples:

1. wáaˀalakʷ ‘leave in a hurry’;
2. wáak̓uk ‘stop by’;
3. wáalikalwi ‘sled downhill’;
4. wáaluun ‘run into water’;
5. wáalwi ‘take care of’;
6. wáanaša ‘make noise while running’;
7. wáanaynač ‘run inside’;
8. wáanayt ‘run out, flow out’;
9. wáaničanwi ‘run downhill’;
10. wáaničaša ‘run over’;
11. wáapanayti ‘run up’;
12. wáapni ‘run out into the open’;
13. wáaqawšx̣ ‘stop for a while’;
14. wáaq̓ič ‘get caught’;
15. wáasklik ‘go around, spin’;
16. wáaša ‘dance’;
17. wáawayč ‘run across’;
18. wáax̣aap ‘drive under a viaduct, go into a cave or tunnel’.
19. wáaˀašɨm ‘come in for a while!’;
20. wáatkʷatamtk ‘come eat!’;
21. pináwaalawx̣iša ‘he is resting awhile’;
22. wáawɨnpayitam k̓pɨ́s čúuš ‘fetch me cold water!’;
23. amaš áwaaq̓inwatak ‘go have a look at them!’;
24. amaš ímč̓a ílukas wáawɨnpatak ‘you go also to get wood!’;
25. wáawiyanawiyawamtk ‘come stop in for a while!’;
26. áwnaš ánč̓ax̣i pác̓aaksa aš kʷná wáaqawšx̣šana ‘now I am adding on again where I was stopping for awhile’;
    

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[NW wayá-; wíi-; NP /weye-/; cf. also NP /wéhyen/ ‘go’.]