Part of Speech: suffix

Function:

Past participle. With nouns there is the sense of ‘having’. Forms adjectives from verbs.

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Examples:

pinatitnašaní ‘rusty, full of holes’;

wɨx̣aní ‘having feet, footed, legged’.

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After a consonant: -i.

Diminutive -lí.

Definition:

As genitive of composition or origin; etc. Belonging to someone or something.

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Function:

Genitive case. -mí after a consonant. Attach to the end of a noun.

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Examples:

1. apɨ́łapł iišmí ‘leaves of the cow parsnip’;
2. ilukasmí ɨstí ‘wooden needle’;
3. k̓usinmí tútanik ‘horse hair’;
4. mɨx̣ɨšmí x̣ax̣áykʷ ‘gold coin, gold piece’;
5. nɨnɨknɨnɨkmí tɨmná ‘columbine seeds’;
6. nusuxmí k̓úpaš ‘salmon back’;
7. nusuxmí wáłx̣ʷas ‘salmon tail’;
8. nusuxmí yápaš ‘salmon grease’;
9. pipšmí wášɨmux̣š ‘bone necklace’;
10. puušmí tmaanít ‘juniper berries’;
11. p̓ip̓inmí wátisas ‘intestine rope’;
12. tk̓unmí k̓ʷáalk níit ‘tule long house’;
13. tk̓unmí tamátačay ‘tule mat table cloth’;
14. kakyamaamí winanuut̓áwas ‘bird bath’;
15. naamí tananmaamí sɨ́nwit ‘our Indian language’;
16. spilyaynmí áčaš ‘buttercups, contact lenses’;
17. šɨlɨmmí psá ‘cascara bark’;
18. tanán waníčt tkʷatatmí ‘the Indian name of the food’;
19. t̓ux̣t̓ux̣mí łławt̓áwas ‘rain gutter’;
20. t̓ux̣t̓ux̣mí watám ‘rain puddle’;
21. x̣ʷaamanmí púkła ‘eagle plume’;
22. yakanmí nɨkʷɨ́t ‘bear meat’;
23. áwa c̓áa náymu waničtmí ‘the name has a close relative’;
24. pštmí áwa ‘it’s his father’s’;
25. áƛ̓iyawiya winšmí pɨnašaamí x̣ɨ́tway ‘the man’s wife’s friend died’;
26. Hawtminmí áwa waníčt ‘they’re names of McKay creek’;
27. sɨknisɨ́kni áwa pát sɨt̓xʷsmí ‘yellow bell is hyacinth’s older sister’;
28. k̓ʷáy áwa útpas čɨnmíin tiičammí ‘that [the snow] is this earth’s blanket’;
29. ku čikúuk iwá šuyapunmí płɨ́x̣ ‘and today there is the whiteman’s medicine’;
30. núsux ituníšana tananmaamí tkʷátataš ‘salmon went upriver for the people to eat’;
31. čáw máan wínatay wayx̣tiłanmí uu k̓ʷáyk̓a áw waynałanmí ‘nowhere to go by car or plane’.
32. Oblique human nominals are put in the genitive before oblique case marking:
    1. áwnam wínata X̣ʷaamayaynmíyaw ‘now you will go to Eagle’s [place]’;
    2. úykninam pinánaymuta naamíyaw aniłanmíyaw ‘even more you should relate to our Creator’;
    3. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’.
33. As derivational suffix:
    1. luc̓anmí ‘penny’;
    2. plašmí ‘silver dollar’;
    3. ttɨx̣šmí / ttx̣šmí ‘willow basket’;
    4. x̣apiłmí ‘knife’;

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[NP /-nm/; Klamath -(ˀ)am (Barker 1963b:32); Molala –ˀam.]

Definition:

At, on, in a place, thing, time, season, or day. ^{new info}

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Function:

Locative case. Attach to nouns. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
2. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’;
3. ittáwax̣na Ímatalampa ‘she grew up at Umatilla’;
4. ačanam kú ttáwax̣na nč̓ípa ataymat̓áwaspa ‘because he grew up in the big city’;
5. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
6. náx̣š waníčt ipáyšta náx̣špa kʷná páx̣ałk̓ʷipa ‘a name will come out on that one Friday’;
7. ača kú iwačá naknúwiyi šuyapumaamípa ‘because he was taken care of among the white people’;
8. páwawšpa łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he hit him on the head’;
9. páwawyana pɨnmipáyn łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he beat him on his head’;
10. wínax̣anaaš náptipa nɨknípa ‘I used to go at two o’clock’;
11. mɨ́łpan iwá nɨknípa ‘what time is it?’;
12. k̓úycipa nɨknípa ‘nine o’clock’;
13. čná tiičámpa ‘in this land’;
14. yáƛ̓pitpa tiičámpa ‘in the wetlands’;
15. páx̣atipa wáwtuktpa ‘on the fifth day’;
16. tímašpa ‘on paper’;
17. tkʷátatpa ‘in the food’;
18. skúulpa ‘at school’;
19. ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘beautiful in appearance’;
20. níix̣ q̓ínupa ‘good looking’;
21. inmípa wiyáx̣ayx̣tpa ‘in my daily living’;
22. imaamipáyn tɨmnápa ‘in your hearts’;
23. ánɨmpa ‘in winter’;
24. wášani k̓úsipa ‘ridden on the horse, on horseback’.
25. With nominalized verbs:
    1. ataš kú wiyákʷštikɨnx̣ana túpan łq̓íwitpa ‘when we used to do wrong in some playing’;
    2. k̓ʷíya iwá páyu núkšitpa ‘valarian smells awful’;
    3. at̓úk iwá x̣nítpa kápɨnki ‘it is hard to dig with the digging stick’;
    4. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ iwáta ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘all will be beautiful to see’.

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[NP /-pe/; probably a grammaticalized extension of PS *pe ‘be situated’.]

Definition:

Pertaining to, a thing for, a place for.

Attach to nouns.

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Function:

Denominative.

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Examples:

ačašpamá ‘eye glasses’;

anpamá ‘clock, watch’;

ilukšpamá ‘stove’;

iqʷiktpamá ‘perfume’;

łaypamá ‘saddle blanket’;

łiitkpamá ‘handkerchief’;

maysxpamápa ‘day after tomorrow’;

nawatpamá ‘cinch’;

płx̣pamá ‘pharmacy’;

pɨt̓x̣anupamá ‘pertaining to mountains’;

timašpamá ‘wastebasket’;

watimpamá ‘day before yesterday’;

čuušpamá pyúš ‘water snake’;

sapxʷlkaspamá ‘ring finger’;

suk̓páwaspa tutanikpamá ‘bobbypin’;

ayčtpamá ‘sitting place, seat’;

ilaqayx̣itpamá ‘light’;

ilkʷtpamá / iluktpamá ‘fireplace’;

łq̓iwitpamá ‘toy’;

pšatatpamá ‘big root bag, gunny sack’;

sapak̓pstpamá ‘refrigerator, freezer, locker’;

sapsik̓ʷatpamá ‘school’;

šapačanptpamá ‘pliers’;

šaptpamá ‘pack rope’;

talapušaktpamá ‘church’;

tawˀattpamá ‘bathroom’;

timatpamá ‘branding iron’;

tk̓itpamá ‘magnifying glass’;

tusktpamá ‘index finger’;

tuttpamá ‘pestle’;

twaluutpamá ‘dipnet’;

wax̣uutpamá ‘oar, paddle’;

wilawiix̣tpamá ‘racetrack’;

latitpamá tamaničtpamá ‘flower pot’;

patupamáan yax̣tatpamá ‘garbage can’.

áwnaš tɨmnanáx̣ša miimá tɨmnanáx̣t tamalampamá ‘I am now telling an old story pertaining to Tamalám’;

wiwnupamá wápas ‘berry basket’. With nominalized verbs: ku k̓ʷapɨ́n iwá ƛ̓áax̣ʷ tananmaamí wiyanintpamá ‘and all the aforementioned is pertinent to the traveling around of the Indians’;

iwiyáwat̓iša x̣nɨmˀuyitpamá ‘she is taking the lead in the first digging’;

iwá aq̓uwitpamá płɨ́x̣ ‘it is a cough medicine’;

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[NP /-peme/.]

Definition:

Alone.

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Function:

Co-occurs with pronominal -k. Attach to pronous and nouns.

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Examples:

1. ilksá ‘I alone’;
2. imksá ‘you alone’;
3. pɨlksá ‘he, she, it alone’;
4. piiliksá ‘they two alone’;
5. paalaksá ‘him, her, it alone’;
6. pawalaksá ‘twins’;
7. lak̓isá ‘edge, end’.
8. ku aw kú itqáwača áswan pɨlksásɨmk̓a ‘and then the boy was suddenly all alone’;
9. anam kú wɨ́šayčta imksá ‘when you will come to be alone’;

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[NP /=ciwátq/.]

Definition:

To be doing something. ^{new info}

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Function:

Progressive aspect.

Attach to the end of a verb and before tense or a pronominal suffix. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. iwínašana ‘he was going’;
2. iwínaša ‘he is going’;
3. iwínašata ‘he will be going’.
4. Used with stative verbs:
   1. iq̓ínuša ‘he sees’;
   2. išúkʷaša ‘he knows’.

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[NP /-sen/ (singular nominative); /-sik/, /-sin-/ (plural nominative); PS probably *šen ‘sit -(singular)’, cf. -ša ‘on, upon’, Klamath čV- ‘sit (sg.)’ (Barker 1963b:67).]

Definition:

Bush of something. ^{new info}

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Function:

Attach to a noun to add an additional meaning. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. šk̓apášway ‘rosebush’;
2. wawínɨmšway ‘celery plant’. See also -aaš, -aašu.

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[NP /-s´way/.]

Function:

Nominalizer (forms nouns).

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Examples:

1. In subject complements:
   1. k̓ʷáy áwa wɨ́npt tiičám ‘that is their buying of the land’;
   2. k̓ʷáy áwača paamíin pamáwšuwat ‘that was their getting themselves ready’;
   3. iwačá áwtni miyánašmaaman čáw nákwinat ‘it was not sacred to take the children’;
   4. at̓úk iwá sápsik̓ʷat paamanáy sɨ́nwit naamí ‘it is difficult to teach them our language’;
   5. ana míš mayní naknúwit iwačá k̓úsimaaman ‘however it was to take care of the horses’;
   6. ača kú iwačá wíyat náktux̣t čaaní ‘because it was far to take them back here’.
2. In object complements:
   1. nayáyasayintaš pasápsik̓ʷana wášat ‘my two older brothers taught us to ride’;
   2. patmíyuna wanapáyn anít ‘they decided to make it along the river’;
   3. átq̓ix̣šaaš pyax̣ína tkʷátat ‘I want him to eat bitterroot’;
   4. iwapáataša pšɨ́tpa naknúwit k̓úsina ‘he is helping his father take care of the horse’;
   5. čáw čáw čáw iwá kʷná wiyák̓ɨnkt paanáy wínat ‘no, no, it is not there to block him going’;
   6. pamáwšuwaša wɨštáymat naamína pátna ‘they are getting themselves ready to meet our older sister’;
   7. ana kú pamáwšuwanx̣ana támayčt k̓ʷɨ́nčna ‘when they would get themselves ready to barbecue the pine lichen’;
   8. ačašta kú pɨ́nɨm ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayišamš pináwšuwat ‘because he knows all the getting of myself ready’.
3. With case marking:
   1. k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł áykɨnx̣ana inmímaaman nč̓ínč̓imaaman sɨ́nwityaw ‘that much I used to hear my elders speak’;
   2. kúuštašta kú máysx pamáwšuwata wínatyaw ‘thusly in the morning then we’ll get ourselves ready to go’;
   3. čáwna mún payíkɨnx̣a tanánki sɨ́nwityaw ‘they never hear us speaking in Indian’;
   4. ku kúuk pamáwšuwanx̣a wánptyaw ‘and then they get themselves ready to sing’;
   5. ana pmáy pamáwšuwaša x̣nítatyaw ‘they who are getting themselves ready to go root digging’;
   6. paˀawítša ílax̣yawitay ‘they are slicing [it] in preparation for drying’. In compounds:
   7. itkʷátatˀuyiya ‘he began to eat’;
   8. itkʷátatnaq̓iya ‘he finished eating’.
4. Before derivational suffixes:
   1. čáw máan wínataš ‘nowhere to go’;
   2. ayčtpamá ‘sitting place, seat’;
   3. šapaluluukt̓áwas ‘sandpaper’.
5. With lexicalizations:
   1. láwaalaytt ‘smoke’;
   2. łq̓íwit ‘to play, game’;
   3. nákwinat ‘taking, to take’;
   4. sápsik̓ʷat ‘to teach, teaching’;
   5. tkʷátat ‘eating, food’;
   6. úyit ‘beginning, first’;
   7. wɨšpɨ́tn ‘sit up from lying down’;
   8. wánpt ‘to sing the medicine song, medicine singing’;
   9. wáwtukt ‘camping overnight, night’.

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[NP /-t/.]

Definition:

Will do something, going to do something. ^{new info}

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Function:

Attach to the end of a verb. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. Future tense.
   1. áwnam ímč̓a wáta waníči ‘now you also will be named’;
   2. pawaníčtanam sɨ́kni ‘they will name you Síkni‘;
   3. kumaš ƛ̓áax̣ʷ níix̣ wɨ́šayčta ‘and all yours will become good’.
2. Used in noncounterfactual conditionals:
   1. apam kú ttáwax̣ta kupam p̓ɨ́x̣ta ‘when you grow up you will remember’;
   2. apam kú tkʷáynpta kupam laˀák wiyáłamayčta ‘when you go hunting you might get lost’.
3. Often with deontic sense:
   1. kunam íkʷɨn wínata ‘and you should go there’;
   2. qqaanáytapam ‘you should work!’;
   3. sápsik̓ʷatapam sɨ́nwit naamí ‘you should teach our language’.

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1. [NP /-uˀ/, future cislocative /-uˀkum/; Sahaptin future -ta is a grammatical extension of purposive -ta.]

Definition:

Be able to, can, should.

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Function:

Conditional.

Attach to verbs directly. Cannot be used with tense within the same verb. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. Abilitative (‘can, could’):
   1. tkʷátat paˀanítax̣na ‘they could prepare food’;
   2. pašapáp̓x̣tax̣nanam paamanáy ‘they can cause you to remember them’;
   3. anam kʷɨ́nki pašapálaliwatax̣na ‘with that which they could make you lonely’;
   4. kunata kú mayní ásapsik̓ʷatax̣na miyánašmaaman sɨ́nwit ‘and then some way we can teach the children the language’;
   5. čáwnam mún áwaawayčtax̣na kʷaaná wáašna ‘you can never run across that sacred ground’;
   6. ana kú čáw miyánašma pawínatax̣na súlcasyaw ‘when the children cannot go to the army’;
   7. iwɨ́nptux̣tax̣nanam paamikníin ‘he could get you back from them’;
   8. átq̓ix̣šanaaš paamanáy pawínatax̣na ‘I wanted them to go’;
   9. páyš iwínax̣amtax̣na káas čɨ́ni wánakni ‘if only the train could run on this side of the river’;
   10. átq̓ix̣šanaaš iwilawíix̣tax̣na ‘I wanted him to race’.
2. Counterfactual conditional (suffixes to the verb in both clauses):
   1. páyšnaš wínatax̣na ‘if only I had gone’;
   2. páyšnaš wátax̣na x̣ax̣áykʷ inmípa apápa kuš kúuk q̓ínutax̣na ‘if I had the money in my hand then I would see’;
   3. páyšnaš wínatax̣na kuš átux̣ʷnatax̣na ɨwínatna ‘if I had gone I would have shot the deer’;
   4. kúuk itx̣ánatax̣nay tíin ku palaláay tkʷátat átx̣anatax̣nay ‘had the person stayed then there would be lots of food’ (Jacobs 1937:3.7.5, pg. 5).

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[NW -tax̣nay; NP /-oˀqa/, /-t-ˀaq/.]

Definition:

Talk, speak.

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Function:

Attack to verbs.

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-tɨmn

[NP /-tm/.]

Definition:

Language. Bound.

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Function:

Suffix. Forms noun.

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Examples:

1. kʷyaamtɨ́mt ‘truth’;
2. šuyaputɨ́mt ‘English’.

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[NP /-t´mt/.]

Definition:

Most, ultimate. Forms nouns.

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Examples:

kʷná x̣láktx̣aw tanán inišáyšana ‘most Indians were living there’;

kʷná mɨná x̣ašta iwačá nč̓ítx̣aw tíla ‘great, great grandfather likely was there somewhere’;

ana kúuš wapsúxtx̣aw áwača K̓amáyaqɨn ‘as their most wise was Kamaiakin’;

níix̣tx̣aw áwa ‘his is better’;

mɨlátx̣aw áwa ‘his is worse’;

ánaytx̣aw ‘the very last’;

x̣ʷáamitx̣aw ‘clear up on the top, all the way up, higher up’.

Definition:

Want, wish to do something.

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Function:

Desiderative. Attach to verbs. Modern speakers of Umatilla usually use -t̓at̓a

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Examples:

1. As -t̓a:
   1. čúut̓a ‘be thirsty’;
   2. tkʷátat̓a ‘want to eat’;
   3. wɨšát̓a ‘want to lie down’;
   4. -pát̓a ‘desire, crave’. As -at̓a: ík̓aywakat̓a ‘want to outdo’;
   5. wáyčat̓a ‘go look for’;
   6. wɨ́npat̓a ‘want to cross’;
   7. wɨšáyčat̓a ‘want to stay’. With stem final n deleted: łúukat̓a ‘need to urinate’;
   8. q̓ínwat̓a ‘want to see’;
   9. šúkʷayat̓a ‘want to learn’;
   10. tíitat̓a ‘want to flatulate’;
   11. wɨx̣íyat̓a ‘want to lie down’.
   12. ku kʷyáam pašúkʷayat̓aša sɨ́nwit naamí ‘and truly they went to learn our language’;
   13. ku kʷaaná panáktux̣ʷat̓ašamš ‘and they want to bring that back’;
   14. pápaˀik̓aywakat̓ana ‘they wanted to outdo each other’;
   15. ku kʷná pawámšita ana šíman kʷná pawšáyčat̓ata ‘and whoever will want to stay there will buy on credit’;
2. As -tat̓a:
   1. anítat̓a ‘want to make’;
   2. wínatat̓a ‘want to go’;
   3. x̣nítat̓a ‘want to dig’.
   4. ataš tún anítat̓aša ‘anything that we want to make’;
   5. ana kʷná patáˀanitat̓aša níit ‘where they are wanting to build the house’;
   6. ana túntya áw paˀanítat̓ax̣ana ‘whatever now they would want to make’;
   7. ana kʷɨ́nki paˀanítat̓aša tún ‘with that which they are wanting to make something’.
   8. paˀiƛ̓iyawitát̓ana kʷɨ́nik̓a ‘they wanted to kill them next on that side’;

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[NP /-ˀpécwi/; cf. NP prospective /-tet̓e/ ‘be about to’.]

Definition:

In or into water.

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Function:

Forms verbs. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. páluun ‘be situated in water’;
2. páwaaluun ‘put a stick into water’;
3. sapáxaluun ‘catch fish at a fish weir’;
4. šapáluun ‘soak’;
5. tamáluun ‘put in water’;
6. tamanúun ‘put in water, soak’;
7. tamášɨmluun ‘take mud bath’;
8. táax̣aluun ‘dye’;
9. tkʷápaluun ‘put the hand in water’;
10. twalúun ‘fish with dipnet’;
11. tɨ́x̣laluun ‘see shadow in water’;
12. ƛúpwaaluun ‘jump into water’;
13. walápaluun ‘sit in water’;
14. wáluun ‘go into water’;
15. wáaluun ‘run into water’;
16. wax̣úun ‘paddle (canoe)’;
17. wáynuun ‘boil, cook’;
18. winanúun ‘swim, bathe’;
19. yáwašaluun ‘wade into water’;
20. yáxaluun ‘pour’.

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[WS often -aa; NW -iin; NP /-uu/; PS *-ewe (indicative *-e plus *we “water”).]

Definition:

Used to, always do. ^{new info}

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Function:

Habitual/frequentative aspect.

Attach to a verb. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. patkʷátax̣a kʷaaná ‘they eat that’;
2. pawɨ́npɨnx̣a ‘they buy’;
3. iwínax̣ana ‘he used to go’;
4. pawáašax̣ana ‘they used to dance’;
5. iwínax̣a ‘he goes’;
6. iwínax̣ata ‘he will keep going’.

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[NE habitual/ frequentative present reduces to -x̣; for possible source, compare x̣a ‘lie prone, lie on the back’.]

Definition:

Same.

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Function:

Primarily attach to the first word of the sentence; Attach to nouns and pronouns. ^{new info}

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Examples:

1. ínx̣i ‘I similarly’
2. ímx̣i ‘you similarly’
3. pɨ́nx̣i ‘he similarly’
4. k̓ʷáyx̣i ‘that the same’
5. kʷnáx̣i ‘in the same place’
6. kúukx̣i ‘at the same time’
7. kúušx̣i ‘in the same way’
8. ánč̓ax̣i ‘again’
9. čáwx̣i ‘similarly not, not yet’
10. iwá ánč̓a pɨ́nx̣i tál ‘the bug is the same’
11. ku pɨ́nx̣i iwá waníči pášx̣aš ‘the same is named the balsamroot sunflower’
12. ku pɨ́nx̣i iwá waníči pášx̣aš íiš ‘and the cow parsnip is similarly called sunflower’
13. kʷná pawačá tanánma ánč̓a Wɨ́šx̣aamax̣i ‘there the same Wishram Indians were again’
14. kʷnáx̣išta kú sɨ́nwisana míimi ‘in the same place then I was already speaking’
15. kʷnáx̣ina aníx̣a x̣ʷyáytš ‘similarly we make the sweathouse there’
16. ku kʷnáx̣i paˀanítat̓aša maykčníin ɨníit ‘and they are wanting to make houses in the same place more on this side’
17. kʷnáx̣išta kú sɨ́nwisana míimi ‘in the same place then I was speaking already’
18. kúušx̣itaš áwtni pamáwšuwanx̣a ‘in the same tabooed way we get ourselves ready’
19. kúušx̣i ana kú iwá tkʷátat ku áwtnix̣i patkʷátax̣a ‘in the same way when there is the food and they eat the same tabooed (food)’
20. ku kʷɨ́nkix̣i paˀaníx̣ana wápas ‘and with that same thing they make the bag’
21. ku kúukx̣i kú iwɨ́npta tanán waníčt ‘and at the same time then he will get his Indian name’
22. čáwx̣i iwáta pínaptipa nɨknípa ku kúuk pawínata ‘it will not yet be four o’clock and then they will go’
23. lɨ́xssɨmk̓a čáwx̣i míš pámiša šuyápuwin ‘the whiteman is not doing the same to it the only one left’
24. yiyáwk̓ax̣iš wátax̣na ‘I would have been similarly pitiful’
25. aq̓úwitpax̣i ‘in the same way when coughing’
26. tilíwalx̣i ‘similarly blood’.

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Labeled as “noun” in the dictioanry by Noel. ^{new info}

[NP /=títe/.]