Part of Speech: suffix

Definition:

At, on, in a place or a thing.

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Function:

Locative case. Attach to nouns.

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Examples:

1. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
2. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’;
3. ittáwax̣na Ímatalampa ‘she grew up at Umatilla’;
4. ačanam kú ttáwax̣na nč̓ípa ataymat̓áwaspa ‘because he grew up in the big city’;
5. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
6. náx̣š waníčt ipáyšta náx̣špa kʷná páx̣ałk̓ʷipa ‘a name will come out on that one Friday’;
7. ača kú iwačá naknúwiyi šuyapumaamípa ‘because he was taken care of among the white people’;
8. páwawšpa łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he hit him on the head’;
9. páwawyana pɨnmipáyn łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he beat him on his head’;
10. wínax̣anaaš náptipa nɨknípa ‘I used to go at two o’clock’;
11. mɨ́łpan iwá nɨknípa ‘what time is it?’;
12. k̓úycipa nɨknípa ‘nine o’clock’;
13. čná tiičámpa ‘in this land’;
14. yáƛ̓pitpa tiičámpa ‘in the wetlands’;
15. páx̣atipa wáwtuktpa ‘on the fifth day’;
16. tímašpa ‘on paper’;
17. tkʷátatpa ‘in the food’;
18. skúulpa ‘at school’;
19. ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘beautiful in appearance’;
20. níix̣ q̓ínupa ‘good looking’;
21. inmípa wiyáx̣ayx̣tpa ‘in my daily living’;
22. imaamipáyn tɨmnápa ‘in your hearts’;
23. ánɨmpa ‘in winter’;
24. wášani k̓úsipa ‘ridden on the horse, on horseback’.
25. With nominalized verbs:
    1. ataš kú wiyákʷštikɨnx̣ana túpan łq̓íwitpa ‘when we used to do wrong in some playing’;
    2. k̓ʷíya iwá páyu núkšitpa ‘valarian smells awful’;
    3. at̓úk iwá x̣nítpa kápɨnki ‘it is hard to dig with the digging stick’;
    4. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ iwáta ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘all will be beautiful to see’.

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[NP /-pe/; probably a grammaticalized extension of PS *pe ‘be situated’.]

Definition:

Pertaining to, a thing for, a place for.

Attach to nouns.

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Function:

Denominative.

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Examples:

ačašpamá ‘eye glasses’;

anpamá ‘clock, watch’;

ilukšpamá ‘stove’;

iqʷiktpamá ‘perfume’;

łaypamá ‘saddle blanket’;

łiitkpamá ‘handkerchief’;

maysxpamápa ‘day after tomorrow’;

nawatpamá ‘cinch’;

płx̣pamá ‘pharmacy’;

pɨt̓x̣anupamá ‘pertaining to mountains’;

timašpamá ‘wastebasket’;

watimpamá ‘day before yesterday’;

čuušpamá pyúš ‘water snake’;

sapxʷlkaspamá ‘ring finger’;

suk̓páwaspa tutanikpamá ‘bobbypin’;

ayčtpamá ‘sitting place, seat’;

ilaqayx̣itpamá ‘light’;

ilkʷtpamá / iluktpamá ‘fireplace’;

łq̓iwitpamá ‘toy’;

pšatatpamá ‘big root bag, gunny sack’;

sapak̓pstpamá ‘refrigerator, freezer, locker’;

sapsik̓ʷatpamá ‘school’;

šapačanptpamá ‘pliers’;

šaptpamá ‘pack rope’;

talapušaktpamá ‘church’;

tawˀattpamá ‘bathroom’;

timatpamá ‘branding iron’;

tk̓itpamá ‘magnifying glass’;

tusktpamá ‘index finger’;

tuttpamá ‘pestle’;

twaluutpamá ‘dipnet’;

wax̣uutpamá ‘oar, paddle’;

wilawiix̣tpamá ‘racetrack’;

latitpamá tamaničtpamá ‘flower pot’;

patupamáan yax̣tatpamá ‘garbage can’.

áwnaš tɨmnanáx̣ša miimá tɨmnanáx̣t tamalampamá ‘I am now telling an old story pertaining to Tamalám’;

wiwnupamá wápas ‘berry basket’. With nominalized verbs: ku k̓ʷapɨ́n iwá ƛ̓áax̣ʷ tananmaamí wiyanintpamá ‘and all the aforementioned is pertinent to the traveling around of the Indians’;

iwiyáwat̓iša x̣nɨmˀuyitpamá ‘she is taking the lead in the first digging’;

iwá aq̓uwitpamá płɨ́x̣ ‘it is a cough medicine’;

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[NP /-peme/.]

Definition:

Alone.

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Function:

Co-occurs with pronominal -k. Attach to pronous and nouns.

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Examples:

1. ilksá ‘I alone’;
2. imksá ‘you alone’;
3. pɨlksá ‘he, she, it alone’;
4. piiliksá ‘they two alone’;
5. paalaksá ‘him, her, it alone’;
6. pawalaksá ‘twins’;
7. lak̓isá ‘edge, end’.
8. ku aw kú itqáwača áswan pɨlksásɨmk̓a ‘and then the boy was suddenly all alone’;
9. anam kú wɨ́šayčta imksá ‘when you will come to be alone’;

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[NP /=ciwátq/.]

Function:

Progressive aspect. Attach to the end of a verb and before a pronominal suffix.

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Examples:

iwínašana ‘he was going’;

iwínaša ‘he is going’;

iwínašata ‘he will be going’. Used with stative verbs: iq̓ínuša ‘he sees’;

išúkʷaša ‘he knows’.

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[NP /-sen/ (singular nominative); /-sik/, /-sin-/ (plural nominative); PS probably *šen ‘sit -(singular)’, cf. -ša ‘on, upon’, Klamath čV- ‘sit (sg.)’ (Barker 1963b:67).]

Function:

Nominalizer (forms nouns).

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Examples:

1. In subject complements:
   1. k̓ʷáy áwa wɨ́npt tiičám ‘that is their buying of the land’;
   2. k̓ʷáy áwača paamíin pamáwšuwat ‘that was their getting themselves ready’;
   3. iwačá áwtni miyánašmaaman čáw nákwinat ‘it was not sacred to take the children’;
   4. at̓úk iwá sápsik̓ʷat paamanáy sɨ́nwit naamí ‘it is difficult to teach them our language’;
   5. ana míš mayní naknúwit iwačá k̓úsimaaman ‘however it was to take care of the horses’;
   6. ača kú iwačá wíyat náktux̣t čaaní ‘because it was far to take them back here’.
2. In object complements:
   1. nayáyasayintaš pasápsik̓ʷana wášat ‘my two older brothers taught us to ride’;
   2. patmíyuna wanapáyn anít ‘they decided to make it along the river’;
   3. átq̓ix̣šaaš pyax̣ína tkʷátat ‘I want him to eat bitterroot’;
   4. iwapáataša pšɨ́tpa naknúwit k̓úsina ‘he is helping his father take care of the horse’;
   5. čáw čáw čáw iwá kʷná wiyák̓ɨnkt paanáy wínat ‘no, no, it is not there to block him going’;
   6. pamáwšuwaša wɨštáymat naamína pátna ‘they are getting themselves ready to meet our older sister’;
   7. ana kú pamáwšuwanx̣ana támayčt k̓ʷɨ́nčna ‘when they would get themselves ready to barbecue the pine lichen’;
   8. ačašta kú pɨ́nɨm ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayišamš pináwšuwat ‘because he knows all the getting of myself ready’.
3. With case marking:
   1. k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł áykɨnx̣ana inmímaaman nč̓ínč̓imaaman sɨ́nwityaw ‘that much I used to hear my elders speak’;
   2. kúuštašta kú máysx pamáwšuwata wínatyaw ‘thusly in the morning then we’ll get ourselves ready to go’;
   3. čáwna mún payíkɨnx̣a tanánki sɨ́nwityaw ‘they never hear us speaking in Indian’;
   4. ku kúuk pamáwšuwanx̣a wánptyaw ‘and then they get themselves ready to sing’;
   5. ana pmáy pamáwšuwaša x̣nítatyaw ‘they who are getting themselves ready to go root digging’;
   6. paˀawítša ílax̣yawitay ‘they are slicing [it] in preparation for drying’. In compounds:
   7. itkʷátatˀuyiya ‘he began to eat’;
   8. itkʷátatnaq̓iya ‘he finished eating’.
4. Before derivational suffixes:
   1. čáw máan wínataš ‘nowhere to go’;
   2. ayčtpamá ‘sitting place, seat’;
   3. šapaluluukt̓áwas ‘sandpaper’.
5. With lexicalizations:
   1. láwaalaytt ‘smoke’;
   2. łq̓íwit ‘to play, game’;
   3. nákwinat ‘taking, to take’;
   4. sápsik̓ʷat ‘to teach, teaching’;
   5. tkʷátat ‘eating, food’;
   6. úyit ‘beginning, first’;
   7. wɨšpɨ́tn ‘sit up from lying down’;
   8. wánpt ‘to sing the medicine song, medicine singing’;
   9. wáwtukt ‘camping overnight, night’.

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[NP /-t/.]

Definition:

Will do something, going to do something.

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Function:

Attach to the end of a verb.

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Examples:

1. Future tense.
   1. áwnam ímč̓a wáta waníči ‘now you also will be named’;
   2. pawaníčtanam sɨ́kni ‘they will name you Síkni‘;
   3. kumaš ƛ̓áax̣ʷ níix̣ wɨ́šayčta ‘and all yours will become good’.
2. Used in noncounterfactual conditionals:
   1. apam kú ttáwax̣ta kupam p̓ɨ́x̣ta ‘when you grow up you will remember’;
   2. apam kú tkʷáynpta kupam laˀák wiyáłamayčta ‘when you go hunting you might get lost’.
3. Often with deontic sense:
   1. kunam íkʷɨn wínata ‘and you should go there’;
   2. qqaanáytapam ‘you should work!’;
   3. sápsik̓ʷatapam sɨ́nwit naamí ‘you should teach our language’.

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1. [NP /-uˀ/, future cislocative /-uˀkum/; Sahaptin future -ta is a grammatical extension of purposive -ta.]

Definition:

Talk, speak.

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Function:

Attack to verbs.

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-tɨmn

[NP /-tm/.]

Definition:

Language. Bound.

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Function:

Suffix. Forms noun.

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Examples:

1. kʷyaamtɨ́mt ‘truth’;
2. šuyaputɨ́mt ‘English’.

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[NP /-t´mt/.]

Definition:

Most, ultimate. Forms nouns.

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Examples:

kʷná x̣láktx̣aw tanán inišáyšana ‘most Indians were living there’;

kʷná mɨná x̣ašta iwačá nč̓ítx̣aw tíla ‘great, great grandfather likely was there somewhere’;

ana kúuš wapsúxtx̣aw áwača K̓amáyaqɨn ‘as their most wise was Kamaiakin’;

níix̣tx̣aw áwa ‘his is better’;

mɨlátx̣aw áwa ‘his is worse’;

ánaytx̣aw ‘the very last’;

x̣ʷáamitx̣aw ‘clear up on the top, all the way up, higher up’.

Definition:

Want, wish to do something.

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Function:

Desiderative. Attach to verbs. Modern speakers of Umatilla usually use -t̓at̓a

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Examples:

1. As -t̓a:
   1. čúut̓a ‘be thirsty’;
   2. tkʷátat̓a ‘want to eat’;
   3. wɨšát̓a ‘want to lie down’;
   4. -pát̓a ‘desire, crave’. As -at̓a: ík̓aywakat̓a ‘want to outdo’;
   5. wáyčat̓a ‘go look for’;
   6. wɨ́npat̓a ‘want to cross’;
   7. wɨšáyčat̓a ‘want to stay’. With stem final n deleted: łúukat̓a ‘need to urinate’;
   8. q̓ínwat̓a ‘want to see’;
   9. šúkʷayat̓a ‘want to learn’;
   10. tíitat̓a ‘want to flatulate’;
   11. wɨx̣íyat̓a ‘want to lie down’.
   12. ku kʷyáam pašúkʷayat̓aša sɨ́nwit naamí ‘and truly they went to learn our language’;
   13. ku kʷaaná panáktux̣ʷat̓ašamš ‘and they want to bring that back’;
   14. pápaˀik̓aywakat̓ana ‘they wanted to outdo each other’;
   15. ku kʷná pawámšita ana šíman kʷná pawšáyčat̓ata ‘and whoever will want to stay there will buy on credit’;
2. As -tat̓a:
   1. anítat̓a ‘want to make’;
   2. wínatat̓a ‘want to go’;
   3. x̣nítat̓a ‘want to dig’.
   4. ataš tún anítat̓aša ‘anything that we want to make’;
   5. ana kʷná patáˀanitat̓aša níit ‘where they are wanting to build the house’;
   6. ana túntya áw paˀanítat̓ax̣ana ‘whatever now they would want to make’;
   7. ana kʷɨ́nki paˀanítat̓aša tún ‘with that which they are wanting to make something’.
   8. paˀiƛ̓iyawitát̓ana kʷɨ́nik̓a ‘they wanted to kill them next on that side’;

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[NP /-ˀpécwi/; cf. NP prospective /-tet̓e/ ‘be about to’.]