59 terms are suffixs

-m

Definition:

Towards to the speaker or the speaker side. Also has the meaning of appearing up, coming out of, or an action suddenly comes up to the speaker.

Function:

Cislocative directional. After vowel. Attach to verbs.

Example:

  1. wínam (or wínɨm) ‘come!’;
  2. ášɨm ‘come in!’;
  3. yíknɨm ‘hear me!’;
  4. páyknɨm ‘hear me!’;
  5. wánwim ‘come down!’;
  6. wáwnayim ‘excuse me!’;
  7. sápsik̓ʷanɨm sɨ́nwit ‘teach me the language’;
  8. wɨ́npatam čí útpas ‘come get this blanket!’;
  9. tkʷátatamtk ‘come and eat!’;
  10. wáawiyanawiyawamtk ‘come stop in for a while!’;
  11. wáatkʷatamtk ‘come eat!’;
  12. ku iyáwaaypx̣ɨma ‘and he came floating downstream’;
  13. ana k̓ʷapɨ́n míimi pášapawinama naamímaaman nč̓ínč̓imaaman ‘the aforementioned who long ago had our ancestors come here’;
  14. panáytimaaš ‘I came up’;
  15. ttáwax̣nɨmaaš ‘I grew up here’;
  16. iwámš ‘he is coming’;
  17. pátwanɨmta ɨsípin x̣áwšin ‘her younger sister the cous will come following her [the celery]’;
  18. itúnišama ‘he was coming upstream’;
  19. ix̣áyx̣šamš ‘it is dawning’;
  20. iq̓ínwatax̣amšnaš ‘she comes to see me’;
  21. ku ánč̓ax̣i iwáanaynačtux̣ʷɨnx̣ama ‘and he would come back inside again’.

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–kik (translocative directional)

[NP /-m/.]

-ní

Function:

Past participle. With nouns there is the sense of ‘having’. Forms adjectives from verbs.

Examples:

pinatitnašaní ‘rusty, full of holes’;

wɨx̣aní ‘having feet, footed, legged’.

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After a consonant: -i.

Diminutive -lí.

-nmí

Definition:

As genitive of composition or origin; etc. Belonging to someone or something.

Function:

Genitive case. -mí after a consonant. Attach to the end of a noun.

Examples:

  1. apɨ́łapł iišmí ‘leaves of the cow parsnip’;
  2. ilukasmí ɨstí ‘wooden needle’;
  3. k̓usinmí tútanik ‘horse hair’;
  4. mɨx̣ɨšmí x̣ax̣áykʷ ‘gold coin, gold piece’;
  5. nɨnɨknɨnɨkmí tɨmná ‘columbine seeds’;
  6. nusuxmí k̓úpaš ‘salmon back’;
  7. nusuxmí wáłx̣ʷas ‘salmon tail’;
  8. nusuxmí yápaš ‘salmon grease’;
  9. pipšmí wášɨmux̣š ‘bone necklace’;
  10. puušmí tmaanít ‘juniper berries’;
  11. p̓ip̓inmí wátisas ‘intestine rope’;
  12. tk̓unmí k̓ʷáalk níit ‘tule long house’;
  13. tk̓unmí tamátačay ‘tule mat table cloth’;
  14. kakyamaamí winanuut̓áwas ‘bird bath’;
  15. naamí tananmaamí sɨ́nwit ‘our Indian language’;
  16. spilyaynmí áčaš ‘buttercups, contact lenses’;
  17. šɨlɨmmí psá ‘cascara bark’;
  18. tanán waníčt tkʷatatmí ‘the Indian name of the food’;
  19. t̓ux̣t̓ux̣mí łławt̓áwas ‘rain gutter’;
  20. t̓ux̣t̓ux̣mí watám ‘rain puddle’;
  21. x̣ʷaamanmí púkła ‘eagle plume’;
  22. yakanmí nɨkʷɨ́t ‘bear meat’;
  23. áwa c̓áa náymu waničtmí ‘the name has a close relative’;
  24. pštmí áwa ‘it’s his father’s’;
  25. áƛ̓iyawiya winšmí pɨnašaamí x̣ɨ́tway ‘the man’s wife’s friend died’;
  26. Hawtminmí áwa waníčt ‘they’re names of McKay creek’;
  27. sɨknisɨ́kni áwa pát sɨt̓xʷsmí ‘yellow bell is hyacinth’s older sister’;
  28. k̓ʷáy áwa útpas čɨnmíin tiičammí ‘that [the snow] is this earth’s blanket’;
  29. ku čikúuk iwá šuyapunmí płɨ́x̣ ‘and today there is the whiteman’s medicine’;
  30. núsux ituníšana tananmaamí tkʷátataš ‘salmon went upriver for the people to eat’;
  31. čáw máan wínatay wayx̣tiłanmí uu k̓ʷáyk̓a áw waynałanmí ‘nowhere to go by car or plane’.
  32. Oblique human nominals are put in the genitive before oblique case marking:
    1. áwnam wínata X̣ʷaamayaynmíyaw ‘now you will go to Eagle’s [place]’;
    2. úykninam pinánaymuta naamíyaw aniłanmíyaw ‘even more you should relate to our Creator’;
    3. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’.
  33. As derivational suffix:
    1. luc̓anmí ‘penny’;
    2. plašmí ‘silver dollar’;
    3. ttɨx̣šmí / ttx̣šmí ‘willow basket’;
    4. x̣apiłmí ‘knife’;

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[NP /-nm/; Klamath -(ˀ)am (Barker 1963b:32); Molala –ˀam.]

-pa

Definition:

At, on, in a place, thing, time, season, or day. new info

Function:

Locative case. Attach to nouns. new info

Examples:

  1. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
  2. watx̣ɨ́n pawačá imaamípa ‘were they at your place?’;
  3. ittáwax̣na Ímatalampa ‘she grew up at Umatilla’;
  4. ačanam kú ttáwax̣na nč̓ípa ataymat̓áwaspa ‘because he grew up in the big city’;
  5. ƛ̓áax̣ʷpa iwačá čúuš ɨščɨ́tpa ‘the water was on all the roads’;
  6. náx̣š waníčt ipáyšta náx̣špa kʷná páx̣ałk̓ʷipa ‘a name will come out on that one Friday’;
  7. ača kú iwačá naknúwiyi šuyapumaamípa ‘because he was taken care of among the white people’;
  8. páwawšpa łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he hit him on the head’;
  9. páwawyana pɨnmipáyn łamtɨ́x̣pa ‘he beat him on his head’;
  10. wínax̣anaaš náptipa nɨknípa ‘I used to go at two o’clock’;
  11. mɨ́łpan iwá nɨknípa ‘what time is it?’;
  12. k̓úycipa nɨknípa ‘nine o’clock’;
  13. čná tiičámpa ‘in this land’;
  14. yáƛ̓pitpa tiičámpa ‘in the wetlands’;
  15. páx̣atipa wáwtuktpa ‘on the fifth day’;
  16. tímašpa ‘on paper’;
  17. tkʷátatpa ‘in the food’;
  18. skúulpa ‘at school’;
  19. ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘beautiful in appearance’;
  20. níix̣ q̓ínupa ‘good looking’;
  21. inmípa wiyáx̣ayx̣tpa ‘in my daily living’;
  22. imaamipáyn tɨmnápa ‘in your hearts’;
  23. ánɨmpa ‘in winter’;
  24. wášani k̓úsipa ‘ridden on the horse, on horseback’.
  25. With nominalized verbs:
    1. ataš kú wiyákʷštikɨnx̣ana túpan łq̓íwitpa ‘when we used to do wrong in some playing’;
    2. k̓ʷíya iwá páyu núkšitpa ‘valarian smells awful’;
    3. at̓úk iwá x̣nítpa kápɨnki ‘it is hard to dig with the digging stick’;
    4. ƛ̓áax̣ʷ iwáta ayáyat q̓ínupa ‘all will be beautiful to see’.

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[NP /-pe/; probably a grammaticalized extension of PS *pe ‘be situated’.]

=pam

Definition:

You, yours, your. Plural.

  1. Subject:
    1. wášpam átaw ‘you are special’;
    2. áwpam wínaša ‘now you’re going’;
    3. čáwpam mún láakta imaamíin sɨ́nwit ‘you should never forget your language’;
    4. čáwpam mún kʷná łq̓íwita miyáanašma ‘you children should never play there’;
    5. qqaanáytapam ‘you should work!’;
    6. míšpam áwɨnta ‘how do you say it?’;
    7. čúušapam túna ana tún iwá čáw níix̣ ‘you are drinking something that is not good’.
  2. Object:
    1. pawɨ́nptapam ‘they will get you’;
    2. mak̓ípam kú iwáwyata ‘he’s going to whip you folks’;
    3. apam kʷɨ́nki išapáˀat̓ɨlpɨnx̣a ‘with that which it makes you crazy’;
    4. kupam kʷná iwáašuwiyayita k̓úsi súlčasnɨm ‘and there the army will hurriedly examine your horses’.

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imáy ‘you all, you guys’ (subject)

imaamanáy ‘you all, you guys’ (object)

=nam ‘you’ (singular);

imanáy ‘you’ (accusative singular)

[NP /-pem/.]

Pronoun chart

-pamá

Definition:

Pertaining to, a thing for, a place for.

Attach to nouns.

Function:

Denominative.

Examples:

ačašpamá ‘eye glasses’;

anpamá ‘clock, watch’;

ilukšpamá ‘stove’;

iqʷiktpamá ‘perfume’;

łaypamá ‘saddle blanket’;

łiitkpamá ‘handkerchief’;

maysxpamápa ‘day after tomorrow’;

nawatpamá ‘cinch’;

płx̣pamá ‘pharmacy’;

pɨt̓x̣anupamá ‘pertaining to mountains’;

timašpamá ‘wastebasket’;

watimpamá ‘day before yesterday’;

čuušpamá pyúš ‘water snake’;

sapxʷlkaspamá ‘ring finger’;

suk̓páwaspa tutanikpamá ‘bobbypin’;

ayčtpamá ‘sitting place, seat’;

ilaqayx̣itpamá ‘light’;

ilkʷtpamá / iluktpamá ‘fireplace’;

łq̓iwitpamá ‘toy’;

pšatatpamá ‘big root bag, gunny sack’;

sapak̓pstpamá ‘refrigerator, freezer, locker’;

sapsik̓ʷatpamá ‘school’;

šapačanptpamá ‘pliers’;

šaptpamá ‘pack rope’;

talapušaktpamá ‘church’;

tawˀattpamá ‘bathroom’;

timatpamá ‘branding iron’;

tk̓itpamá ‘magnifying glass’;

tusktpamá ‘index finger’;

tuttpamá ‘pestle’;

twaluutpamá ‘dipnet’;

wax̣uutpamá ‘oar, paddle’;

wilawiix̣tpamá ‘racetrack’;

latitpamá tamaničtpamá ‘flower pot’;

patupamáan yax̣tatpamá ‘garbage can’.

áwnaš tɨmnanáx̣ša miimá tɨmnanáx̣t tamalampamá ‘I am now telling an old story pertaining to Tamalám’;

wiwnupamá wápas ‘berry basket’. With nominalized verbs: ku k̓ʷapɨ́n iwá ƛ̓áax̣ʷ tananmaamí wiyanintpamá ‘and all the aforementioned is pertinent to the traveling around of the Indians’;

iwiyáwat̓iša x̣nɨmˀuyitpamá ‘she is taking the lead in the first digging’;

iwá aq̓uwitpamá płɨ́x̣ ‘it is a cough medicine’;

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[NP /-peme/.]

=sá

Definition:

Alone.

Function:

Co-occurs with pronominal -k. Attach to pronous and nouns.

Examples:

  1. ilksá ‘I alone’;
  2. imksá ‘you alone’;
  3. pɨlksá ‘he, she, it alone’;
  4. piiliksá ‘they two alone’;
  5. paalaksá ‘him, her, it alone’;
  6. pawalaksá ‘twins’;
  7. lak̓isá ‘edge, end’.
  8. ku aw kú itqáwača áswan pɨlksásɨmk̓a ‘and then the boy was suddenly all alone’;
  9. anam kú wɨ́šayčta imksá ‘when you will come to be alone’;

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[NP /=ciwátq/.]

-ša

Definition:

To be doing something. new info

Function:

Progressive aspect. Attach to the end of a verb and before tense or a pronominal suffix. new info

Examples:

  1. iwínašana ‘he was going’;
  2. iwínaša ‘he is going’;
  3. iwínašata ‘he will be going’. Used with stative verbs: iq̓ínuša ‘he sees’;
  4. išúkʷaša ‘he knows’.

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[NP /-sen/ (singular nominative); /-sik/, /-sin-/ (plural nominative); PS probably *šen ‘sit -(singular)’, cf. -ša ‘on, upon’, Klamath čV- ‘sit (sg.)’ (Barker 1963b:67).]

-šway

Definition:

Bush of something. new info

Function:

Attach to a noun to add an additional meaning. new info

Examples:

  1. šk̓apášway ‘rosebush’;
  2. wawínɨmšway ‘celery plant’. See also -aaš, -aašu.

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[NP /-s´way/.]

-t

Function:

Nominalizer (forms nouns).

Examples:

  1. In subject complements:
    1. k̓ʷáy áwa wɨ́npt tiičám ‘that is their buying of the land’;
    2. k̓ʷáy áwača paamíin pamáwšuwat ‘that was their getting themselves ready’;
    3. iwačá áwtni miyánašmaaman čáw nákwinat ‘it was not sacred to take the children’;
    4. at̓úk iwá sápsik̓ʷat paamanáy sɨ́nwit naamí ‘it is difficult to teach them our language’;
    5. ana míš mayní naknúwit iwačá k̓úsimaaman ‘however it was to take care of the horses’;
    6. ača kú iwačá wíyat náktux̣t čaaní ‘because it was far to take them back here’.
  2. In object complements:
    1. nayáyasayintaš pasápsik̓ʷana wášat ‘my two older brothers taught us to ride’;
    2. patmíyuna wanapáyn anít ‘they decided to make it along the river’;
    3. átq̓ix̣šaaš pyax̣ína tkʷátat ‘I want him to eat bitterroot’;
    4. iwapáataša pšɨ́tpa naknúwit k̓úsina ‘he is helping his father take care of the horse’;
    5. čáw čáw čáw iwá kʷná wiyák̓ɨnkt paanáy wínat ‘no, no, it is not there to block him going’;
    6. pamáwšuwaša wɨštáymat naamína pátna ‘they are getting themselves ready to meet our older sister’;
    7. ana kú pamáwšuwanx̣ana támayčt k̓ʷɨ́nčna ‘when they would get themselves ready to barbecue the pine lichen’;
    8. ačašta kú pɨ́nɨm ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayišamš pináwšuwat ‘because he knows all the getting of myself ready’.
  3. With case marking:
    1. k̓ʷáyš kʷɨ́ł áykɨnx̣ana inmímaaman nč̓ínč̓imaaman sɨ́nwityaw ‘that much I used to hear my elders speak’;
    2. kúuštašta kú máysx pamáwšuwata wínatyaw ‘thusly in the morning then we’ll get ourselves ready to go’;
    3. čáwna mún payíkɨnx̣a tanánki sɨ́nwityaw ‘they never hear us speaking in Indian’;
    4. ku kúuk pamáwšuwanx̣a wánptyaw ‘and then they get themselves ready to sing’;
    5. ana pmáy pamáwšuwaša x̣nítatyaw ‘they who are getting themselves ready to go root digging’;
    6. paˀawítša ílax̣yawitay ‘they are slicing [it] in preparation for drying’. In compounds:
    7. itkʷátatˀuyiya ‘he began to eat’;
    8. itkʷátatnaq̓iya ‘he finished eating’.
  4. Before derivational suffixes:
    1. čáw máan wínataš ‘nowhere to go’;
    2. ayčtpamá ‘sitting place, seat’;
    3. šapaluluukt̓áwas ‘sandpaper’.
  5. With lexicalizations:
    1. láwaalaytt ‘smoke’;
    2. łq̓íwit ‘to play, game’;
    3. nákwinat ‘taking, to take’;
    4. sápsik̓ʷat ‘to teach, teaching’;
    5. tkʷátat ‘eating, food’;
    6. úyit ‘beginning, first’;
    7. wɨšpɨ́tn ‘sit up from lying down’;
    8. wánpt ‘to sing the medicine song, medicine singing’;
    9. wáwtukt ‘camping overnight, night’.

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[NP /-t/.]

-ta

Definition:

Will do something, going to do something.

Function:

Attach to the end of a verb.

Examples:

  1. Future tense.
    1. áwnam ímč̓a wáta waníči ‘now you also will be named’;
    2. pawaníčtanam sɨ́kni ‘they will name you Síkni‘;
    3. kumaš ƛ̓áax̣ʷ níix̣ wɨ́šayčta ‘and all yours will become good’.
  2. Used in noncounterfactual conditionals:
    1. apam kú ttáwax̣ta kupam p̓ɨ́x̣ta ‘when you grow up you will remember’;
    2. apam kú tkʷáynpta kupam laˀák wiyáłamayčta ‘when you go hunting you might get lost’.
  3. Often with deontic sense:
    1. kunam íkʷɨn wínata ‘and you should go there’;
    2. qqaanáytapam ‘you should work!’;
    3. sápsik̓ʷatapam sɨ́nwit naamí ‘you should teach our language’.

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  1. [NP /-uˀ/, future cislocative /-uˀkum/; Sahaptin future -ta is a grammatical extension of purposive -ta.]

-tax̣na

Definition:

Be able to, can, should.

Function:

Conditional. Attach to verbs directly. Cannot be used with tense within the same verb.

Examples:

  1. Abilitative (‘can, could’):
    1. tkʷátat paˀanítax̣na ‘they could prepare food’;
    2. pašapáp̓x̣tax̣nanam paamanáy ‘they can cause you to remember them’;
    3. anam kʷɨ́nki pašapálaliwatax̣na ‘with that which they could make you lonely’;
    4. kunata kú mayní ásapsik̓ʷatax̣na miyánašmaaman sɨ́nwit ‘and then some way we can teach the children the language’;
    5. čáwnam mún áwaawayčtax̣na kʷaaná wáašna ‘you can never run across that sacred ground’;
    6. ana kú čáw miyánašma pawínatax̣na súlcasyaw ‘when the children cannot go to the army’;
    7. iwɨ́nptux̣tax̣nanam paamikníin ‘he could get you back from them’;
    8. átq̓ix̣šanaaš paamanáy pawínatax̣na ‘I wanted them to go’;
    9. páyš iwínax̣amtax̣na káas čɨ́ni wánakni ‘if only the train could run on this side of the river’;
    10. átq̓ix̣šanaaš iwilawíix̣tax̣na ‘I wanted him to race’.
  2. Counterfactual conditional (suffixes to the verb in both clauses):
    1. páyšnaš wínatax̣na ‘if only I had gone’;
    2. páyšnaš wátax̣na x̣ax̣áykʷ inmípa apápa kuš kúuk q̓ínutax̣na ‘if I had the money in my hand then I would see’;
    3. páyšnaš wínatax̣na kuš átux̣ʷnatax̣na ɨwínatna ‘if I had gone I would have shot the deer’;
    4. kúuk itx̣ánatax̣nay tíin ku palaláay tkʷátat átx̣anatax̣nay ‘had the person stayed then there would be lots of food’ (Jacobs 1937:3.7.5, pg. 5).

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[NW -tax̣nay; NP /-oˀqa/, /-t-ˀaq/.]

Past

Function:

-a (past tense). Attached to the end of a verb.

-tɨm

Definition:

Talk, speak.

Function:

Attack to verbs.

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-tɨmn

[NP /-tm/.]

-tɨ́mt

Definition:

Language. Bound.

Function:

Suffix. Forms noun.

Examples:

  1. kʷyaamtɨ́mt ‘truth’;
  2. šuyaputɨ́mt ‘English’.

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[NP /-t´mt/.]

=tx̣aw

Definition:

Most, ultimate. Forms nouns.

Examples:

kʷná x̣láktx̣aw tanán inišáyšana ‘most Indians were living there’;

kʷná mɨná x̣ašta iwačá nč̓ítx̣aw tíla ‘great, great grandfather likely was there somewhere’;

ana kúuš wapsúxtx̣aw áwača K̓amáyaqɨn ‘as their most wise was Kamaiakin’;

níix̣tx̣aw áwa ‘his is better’;

mɨlátx̣aw áwa ‘his is worse’;

ánaytx̣aw ‘the very last’;

x̣ʷáamitx̣aw ‘clear up on the top, all the way up, higher up’.

-t̓a

Definition:

Want, wish to do something.

Function:

Desiderative. Attach to verbs. Modern speakers of Umatilla usually use -t̓at̓a

Examples:

  1. As -t̓a:
    1. čúut̓a ‘be thirsty’;
    2. tkʷátat̓a ‘want to eat’;
    3. wɨšát̓a ‘want to lie down’;
    4. -pát̓a ‘desire, crave’. As -at̓a: ík̓aywakat̓a ‘want to outdo’;
    5. wáyčat̓a ‘go look for’;
    6. wɨ́npat̓a ‘want to cross’;
    7. wɨšáyčat̓a ‘want to stay’. With stem final n deleted: łúukat̓a ‘need to urinate’;
    8. q̓ínwat̓a ‘want to see’;
    9. šúkʷayat̓a ‘want to learn’;
    10. tíitat̓a ‘want to flatulate’;
    11. wɨx̣íyat̓a ‘want to lie down’.
    12. ku kʷyáam pašúkʷayat̓aša sɨ́nwit naamí ‘and truly they went to learn our language’;
    13. ku kʷaaná panáktux̣ʷat̓ašamš ‘and they want to bring that back’;
    14. pápaˀik̓aywakat̓ana ‘they wanted to outdo each other’;
    15. ku kʷná pawámšita ana šíman kʷná pawšáyčat̓ata ‘and whoever will want to stay there will buy on credit’;
  2. As -tat̓a:
    1. anítat̓a ‘want to make’;
    2. wínatat̓a ‘want to go’;
    3. x̣nítat̓a ‘want to dig’.
    4. ataš tún anítat̓aša ‘anything that we want to make’;
    5. ana kʷná patáˀanitat̓aša níit ‘where they are wanting to build the house’;
    6. ana túntya áw paˀanítat̓ax̣ana ‘whatever now they would want to make’;
    7. ana kʷɨ́nki paˀanítat̓aša tún ‘with that which they are wanting to make something’.
    8. paˀiƛ̓iyawitát̓ana kʷɨ́nik̓a ‘they wanted to kill them next on that side’;

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[NP /-ˀpécwi/; cf. NP prospective /-tet̓e/ ‘be about to’.]

-uun

Definition:

In or into water.

Function:

Forms verbs. new info

Examples:

  1. páluun ‘be situated in water’;
  2. páwaaluun ‘put a stick into water’;
  3. sapáxaluun ‘catch fish at a fish weir’;
  4. šapáluun ‘soak’;
  5. tamáluun ‘put in water’;
  6. tamanúun ‘put in water, soak’;
  7. tamášɨmluun ‘take mud bath’;
  8. táax̣aluun ‘dye’;
  9. tkʷápaluun ‘put the hand in water’;
  10. twalúun ‘fish with dipnet’;
  11. tɨ́x̣laluun ‘see shadow in water’;
  12. ƛúpwaaluun ‘jump into water’;
  13. walápaluun ‘sit in water’;
  14. wáluun ‘go into water’;
  15. wáaluun ‘run into water’;
  16. wax̣úun ‘paddle (canoe)’;
  17. wáynuun ‘boil, cook’;
  18. winanúun ‘swim, bathe’;
  19. yáwašaluun ‘wade into water’;
  20. yáxaluun ‘pour’.

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[WS often -aa; NW -iin; NP /-uu/; PS *-ewe (indicative *-e plus *we “water”).]

-x̣a

Definition:

Used to, always do.

Function:

Habitual/frequentative aspect. Attach to a verb.

Examples:

  1. patkʷátax̣a kʷaaná ‘they eat that’;
  2. pawɨ́npɨnx̣a ‘they buy’;
  3. iwínax̣ana ‘he used to go’;
  4. pawáašax̣ana ‘they used to dance’;
  5. iwínax̣a ‘he goes’;
  6. iwínax̣ata ‘he will keep going’.

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[NE habitual/ frequentative present reduces to -x̣; for possible source, compare x̣a ‘lie prone, lie on the back’.]