Part of Speech: suffix

Function:

Clause final interrogative enclitic.

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Example:

1. čná iwačáˀ ‘was he here?’.

Definition:

Month.

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Function:

Attach to nouns.

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Example:

xawit̓álxawit̓al ‘month approximating April’.

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-mi ‘month’

[NP /-ˀál/ ~ /-ˀáł/.]

Definition:

Begin, start.

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Function:

Forms verb from nominalized with -t (mostly the [ˀ] of -ˀuyi does not cause glottalization of the nominalizer).

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Example:

tkʷátatˀuyi ‘start to eat’;

tkʷáynptˀuyi ‘go on first hunt’;

tk̓ʷanáytitˀuyi ‘begin to walk’;

tɨ́x̣ˀuyi ‘make the first kill’;

wánatˀuyi ‘start to flow’;

wánptˀuyi ‘begin to medicine sing’;

wáyx̣titˀuyi ‘start to run’;

wát̓uyi ‘go ahead’.

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úyi

[NP /-t̓uyi/ (/-t/ plus /-ˀuyi/).]

Function:

Archaic directional. Forms verb.

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See -na.

Function:

Archaic indicative frozen in various suffixes. Forms verb.

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Examples:

-aša ‘on, upon’;

-ata ‘go for a purpose’;

-awa (directive);

-ayi (applicative);

-ničanwi ‘down’;

-ničapa ‘in or into brush’;

-ničaša ‘on, upon’;

níyawštayma ‘reciprocate with money to one who is receiving a name and from whom a gift has been received’.

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[NP /-e/.]

Function:

Past tense.

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Examples:

1. -a after a consonant
   1. pátiyanpa k̓úsi ‘he took the horse away from him’
2. -ya after i
   1. iwiyánawiya ‘he arrived’;
3. -na after vowel
   1. x̣lakníin itkʷátana ‘he ate too much’.
4. Can be used with progressive -ša aspect.
   1. ataš kú ttáwax̣šana kuš áq̓inunx̣ana ‘when we were growing up I used to see them’.

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[NP /-e/; cf. archaic indicative -a.]

Function:

Present perfect.

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NW Sahaptin. Suffixes to in and un verbs (Umatilla simply lengthens the in and un in the present perfect). See Table 18.

Definition:

Without doing something.

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Function:

Privative. Deverbative. Directly attach to the dictionary form of a verb without taken out -n to form an adjective.

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Examples:

1. -áł after a consonant
   1. čak̓ʷlkáł ‘unchewed’;
   2. čuunáł ‘without drinking’;
   3. iix̣áł ‘unclean’;
   4. panaymunáł ‘cold, aloof’;
   5. payknáł ‘disobedient’;
   6. twanpáł ‘uncombed’;
2. -yáł after i
   1. lak̓ɨmiyáł ‘everlasting’;
   2. sɨnwiyáł ‘without speaking’;
3. -náł after a vowel
   1. tkʷatanáł ‘without eating, fasting’;
   2. wanáł ‘invisible’.
   3. ača čikúuk iwá at̓úk yáx̣t kútkut sapsik̓ʷanáł ‘because today it is hard to get work without an eductation’;
   4. šuwináł (shortened from šúwiya, could be a mispronunciation) ‘not learning from hard lessons’;

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[NP /-ey̓éy̓/.]

Definition:

Against.

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Function:

Forms verb

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-nanp̓a. nánp̓a.

Definition:

Into brush.

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Function:

Forms verb

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Examples:

cásuničapa ‘drag into brush’;

tk̓ʷáwaanikapa ‘walk feeling one’s way into brush’.

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-pa. [NP /-épe/.]

Function:

Co-occurs with na. Attach to nouns

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Examples:

1. natútas ‘my father’;
2. naˀíłas ‘my mother’.

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[Probably related to the 2nd position pronominal =naš / =aš / =š ‘I, me, mine, my’.]

Definition:

A thing for something.

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Function:

Purpose nominalizer. Forms nouns.

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-aš

Function:

Purpose nominalizer. Forms nouns.

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Examples:

1. ílukas ‘firewood’;
2. q̓ɨ́mkas ‘shoulder’;
3. núq̓ʷaš ‘throat’;
4. sapxʷɨ́lkas ‘ring’;
5. táwaxicas ‘stick in stick game’;
6. twánpaš ‘comb’;
7. wánpaš ‘medicine song’;
8. wáƛ̓ikas ‘small stick used to hit the pole in stickgame songs’;
9. wiyálpas ‘bullet’. Where productive -aš suffixes to the nominalizer -t: núsux ituníšana tananmaamí tkʷátataš ‘salmon went upriver for the people to eat’;
10. patq̓íx̣šanaaš walptáyktaš ‘they wanted me to sing’;
11. walápaq̓ičtnɨmnaš išapáwiyanawiša naknúwiyayitaš miyánašma ‘the president is sending me to take care of his children’;
12. ililmúk patmaaníx̣ana šapátwataš wíwnuna ‘they used to pick blueberries to mix with huckleberries’;
13. ɨ́mčayaƛ̓piša nɨkáštktna čáx̣ʷłktaš ‘he wet the knot with his mouth in order to untie it’;
14. ku pátq̓ix̣na paamanáy naknúwitaš čaaná tiičámna ‘and he wanted them to take care of this land’;
15. čáw máan wínataš ‘nowhere to go’.

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[Y -aaš; NP /-ˀes/.]

Definition:

On, upon.

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Function:

Forms verb.

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Example:

aƛ̓awiyáša ‘pray for, bless’;

háašnaša ‘breathe on’;

ílapaša ‘lay hands on for healing’;

ít̓x̣aša ‘smoke’;

káƛ̓inaša ‘spit on’;

nɨpáša ‘get back, retrieve’;

tamčáša ‘put on, load on’;

tíitnaša ‘eject musk on’;

yáx̣ikaša ‘pour on’.

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See also:

-ša; ničaša.

Function:

Purposive. Forms verb.

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Examples:

1. patátamanikatata ‘they will go plant them’;
2. ášapalulukatak ‘go nurse him!’;
3. iq̓ínwatax̣amšnaš ‘she comes to see me’;
4. amaš áwaaq̓inwatak ‘go have a look at them!’;
5. kutaš ánč̓ax̣i x̣ʷyáyčatata ‘and we will go sweat again’;
6. áw ánč̓wataša pšɨ́t ‘now his dad’s going to go to bed’;
7. pinátisx̣p̓itkatak ‘go comb your hair!’
8. ku pawínax̣ana patmaanítax̣ana tmɨ́šna ‘and they used to go to pick the chokecherry’;
9. wɨ́npata ‘go get, fetch’.
10. ačataš kú wínata x̣nɨ́mˀuyiyatata mɨtáłk̓ʷipa ‘because we will go do the first digging on Wednesday’;
11. wáyx̣tix̣ana wɨ́npatax̣a aq̓uwitpamá płɨ́x̣ ‘we run to buy cough medicine’;
12. kʷnáta kú patánakwinata xúlxulmaaman patátamanikatata ‘there then indeed they will haul the trout and plant them’.
13. ášapaˀatayitak lúlukaš ‘go milk (the cow)!’;
14. Reduces to -ta after a vowel:
    1. áwna łq̓íwitaša ‘let us go play’;
    2. čáwnam mún łq̓íwitata ana kʷná iwá tamicáwas ‘you should never go play where there is a cemetery’;
    3. paˀílax̣yawitax̣ana nɨkʷɨ́t kúušx̣i núsux kúušx̣i x̣nít ‘they used to go dry meat and salmon and roots’;
    4. paˀanítax̣ana Ímatalamyaw ‘they would go to Umatilla in order to make it’;
    5. patáwɨnpayitana tílaaki ‘they went to get him a wife’;
    6. ana pmáy pamáwšuwaša x̣nítatyaw ‘they who are getting themselves ready to go root digging’;
    7. tkʷáyta ‘throw, throw a spear’. Often occurs with a motion verb (such as wína ‘go’):
    8. wínašapam skúulitaša ‘you are going to school’;
    9. ku pawínax̣ana patmaanítax̣ana tmɨ́šna ‘and they would go pick the chokecherry’;
    10. wínanaataš x̣nítana ‘we went root digging’;
    11. kunam páyš wínata x̣nítata kʷaaní ‘and maybe you will go root digging in that direction’;
    12. kutaš wínata ánč̓a x̣nítata ‘and we will go digging again’;

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[NP /-ten/.]

Definition:

Desiderative.

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Function:

Forms verb

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Example:

ku čí yáamaš iwayčát̓ašana áw nč̓iwánana ‘and this deer wanted to cross the Columbia River’;

áwš wayčát̓ašaykš ‘now I am wanting to cross on over’;

ikáwaaluukat̓aša ‘he’s trying to pick it up with his mouth’.

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See also:

-tat̓a. -t̓a.

Function:

Directive.

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Function:

Forms verb. Directly attach to n verbs without taking -n away.

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Examples:

1. -awa after consonant:
   1. ášawašaykšmaš ‘I’m going on in to you (said when entering the sweathouse)’;
   2. paˀátawaša paamanáy ‘they are going out to them’;
   3. kunamta ičáx̣ɨlpawamta anam kú čɨ́ni iwínata náx̣šyaw hawláakyaw tiičámyaw ‘and he will open it to you when you go from here to a spirit land’;
   4. ič̓ɨ́škawanaaš ‘he lied to me’;
   5. ana k̓ʷapɨ́n ináčičawaša ƛ̓áax̣ʷ ‘all the aforementioned that he brought to us’;
   6. k̓ʷáynaš kúuš itɨmnanáx̣nawax̣ana inmínɨm káłanɨm ‘my grandmother used to tell me stories like that’;
   7. kunam patq̓íx̣nawata ‘and they will want you’;
2. -nawa after vowel
   1. k̓ʷałanáwašamaš ‘I am pleased with you’;
   2. kunata kʷaaná ák̓ʷałanawax̣a ‘and we are glad for that’;
   3. aš kúuš pináˀititamanawašana ‘like I was reading to myself’;
   4. kutaš iwínanawaša šuyápunɨm ‘and the whiteman is going to us’;
3. -yawa after i
   1. wiyánawiyawašamaš šápniyanat ‘I am coming to ask you’;
   2. pápawiyanawiyawax̣ana ‘they used to visit one another’;
   3. wáawiyanawiyawamtk ‘come stop in for a while!’;
   4. alyáwa ‘wager in stick-game’.

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[NE -uun; NW -úun; NP /-úu/; probably from indicative -e plus we ‘be’.]

Definition:

A thing or tool for something.

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Function:

Instrument nominalizer. Atttach to nouns

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Examples:

1. atáwas ‘bathroom’;
2. aycáwas ‘chair’;
3. capacanpáwas ‘bridle’;
4. cap̓uykáwas ‘harrow’;
5. caq̓páwas ‘ribbon’;
6. cawaanaynacáwas ‘bit (for horse)’;
7. čak̓ukáwas ‘rake’;
8. čawaax̣aapáwas ‘tepee liner, tent liner’;
9. čax̣ɨlpáwas ‘opener’;
10. ic̓ikáwas ‘sugar’;
11. imiikáwas ‘rock used in tanning’;
12. itk̓ʷkáwas ‘straightner (for arrows)’;
13. ɨsk̓páwas ‘button for tepee’;
14. k̓ilyakáwas ‘hooked pole for pulling down limbs’;
15. q̓ɨmkáwas ‘hide scraper’;
16. lawaalaytáwas ‘chimney’;
17. luulikáwas ‘children’s swing’;
18. nakwaycáwas ‘ferry’;
19. nɨkaštkáwas ‘tepee spine’;
20. pak̓ʷaakáwas ‘fork’;
21. pawiyapaanáwas ‘fork in the road’;
22. pax̣aapáwas ‘roasting or baking pan’;
23. sapaˀixáwas ‘soap’;
24. sapacanpáwas ‘horse bit’;
25. sapawak̓páwas ‘button’;
26. saxaapáwas ‘sawmill’;
27. suk̓páwas ‘pin’;
28. šax̣ƛ̓káwas ‘cross-cut saw’;
29. tak̓páwas ‘saddle cinch’;
30. tamastkáwas ‘rope, lariat’;
31. tamax̣aapáwas ‘liner (in dress, vest, etc.)’;
32. tamaynacáwas ‘jail’;
33. tamicáwas ‘cemetery’;
34. tuskáwas ‘index finger’;
35. tx̣nɨmk̓icáwas ‘stirrup’;
36. wanpáwas ‘radio’;
37. waq̓páwas ‘pin’;
38. waasklikáwas ‘wheel’;
39. wastkáwas ‘halter’;
40. wawaanaytáwas ‘windmill’;
41. wawc̓aakáwas ‘nail’;
42. wawqukáwas ‘tepee peg’;
43. wawq̓páwas ‘nail’;
44. wax̣ʷłkáwas ~; waxʷłkáwas ‘key’;
45. wayčáwas ‘ferry’;
46. wiyačaquukáwas ‘reins’.
47. When coupled with nominalizer -t there is glottalization:
    1. šapaluluukt̓áwas ‘sandpaper’;
    2. timat̓áwas ‘pen, pencil’.

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-t̓áwas

[NE -úus; Y -áwaas; NP /-oˀs/; PS -awaˀas.]