Function:
Clause final interrogative enclitic.
Example:
čná iwačáˀ ‘was he here?’.
47 terms are suffixs
-ˀál
Definition:
Month.
Function:
Attach to nouns.
Example:
xawit̓álxawit̓al ‘month approximating April’.
See more:
-mi ‘month’
[NP /-ˀál/ ~ /-ˀáł/.]
-ˀuyi
Definition:
Begin, start.
Function:
Forms verb from nominalized with -t (mostly the [ˀ] of -ˀuyi does not cause glottalization of the nominalizer).
Example:
tkʷátatˀuyi ‘start to eat’;
tkʷáynptˀuyi ‘go on first hunt’;
tk̓ʷanáytitˀuyi ‘begin to walk’;
tɨ́x̣ˀuyi ‘make the first kill’;
wánatˀuyi ‘start to flow’;
wánptˀuyi ‘begin to medicine sing’;
wáyx̣titˀuyi ‘start to run’;
wát̓uyi ‘go ahead’.
See also:
[NP /-t̓uyi/ (/-t/ plus /-ˀuyi/).]
-a
Function:
Archaic directional. Forms verb.
See more:
See -na.
-a
Function:
Archaic indicative frozen in various suffixes. Forms verb.
Examples:
-aša ‘on, upon’;
-ata ‘go for a purpose’;
-awa (directive);
-ayi (applicative);
-ničanwi ‘down’;
-ničapa ‘in or into brush’;
-ničaša ‘on, upon’;
níyawštayma ‘reciprocate with money to one who is receiving a name and from whom a gift has been received’.
See more:
[NP /-e/.]
-a
Function:
Past tense.
Examples:
iwiyánawiya ‘he arrived’;
ataš kú ttáwax̣šana kuš áq̓inunx̣ana ‘when we were growing up I used to see them’.
See more:
[NP /-e/; cf. archaic indicative -a.]
-a
Function:
Present perfect.
See more:
NW Sahaptin. Suffixes to in and un verbs (Umatilla simply lengthens the in and un in the present perfect). See Table 18.
=akut
Hearsay. iwínašaakut ‘they say he is going’; páyknaakut ‘they say he heard him’; ímnamtaakut áwapaatata ‘they say you should indeed help him’; k̓sɨ́takut iwá čúuš ‘they say the water is cold’; kúukakut iwá ‘they say it will be then’.
-anp̓a
-apa
Definition:
Into brush.
Function:
Forms verb
Examples:
cásuničapa ‘drag into brush’;
tk̓ʷáwaanikapa ‘walk feeling one’s way into brush’.
See More:
-pa. [NP /-épe/.]
-as
Function:
Co-occurs with na. Attach to nouns
Examples:
- natútas ‘my father’;
- naˀíłas ‘my mother’.
See more:
[Probably related to the 2nd position pronominal =naš / =aš / =š ‘I, me, mine, my’.]
-aš
Function:
Purpose nominalizer. Forms nouns.
Examples:
- ílukas ‘firewood’;
- q̓ɨ́mkas ‘shoulder’;
- núq̓ʷaš ‘throat’;
- sapxʷɨ́lkas ‘ring’;
- táwaxicas ‘stick in stick game’;
- twánpaš ‘comb’;
- wánpaš ‘medicine song’;
- wáƛ̓ikas ‘small stick used to hit the pole in stickgame songs’;
- wiyálpas ‘bullet’. Where productive -aš suffixes to the nominalizer -t: núsux ituníšana tananmaamí tkʷátataš ‘salmon went upriver for the people to eat’;
- patq̓íx̣šanaaš walptáyktaš ‘they wanted me to sing’;
- walápaq̓ičtnɨmnaš išapáwiyanawiša naknúwiyayitaš miyánašma ‘the president is sending me to take care of his children’;
- ililmúk patmaaníx̣ana šapátwataš wíwnuna ‘they used to pick blueberries to mix with huckleberries’;
- ɨ́mčayaƛ̓piša nɨkáštktna čáx̣ʷłktaš ‘he wet the knot with his mouth in order to untie it’;
- ku pátq̓ix̣na paamanáy naknúwitaš čaaná tiičámna ‘and he wanted them to take care of this land’;
- čáw máan wínataš ‘nowhere to go’.
See more:
[Y -aaš; NP /-ˀes/.]
-aša
-ata
Function:
Purposive. Forms verb.
Examples:
- patátamanikatata ‘they will go plant them’;
- ášapalulukatak ‘go nurse him!’;
- iq̓ínwatax̣amšnaš ‘she comes to see me’;
- amaš áwaaq̓inwatak ‘go have a look at them!’;
- kutaš ánč̓ax̣i x̣ʷyáyčatata ‘and we will go sweat again’;
- áw ánč̓wataša pšɨ́t ‘now his dad’s going to go to bed’;
- pinátisx̣p̓itkatak ‘go comb your hair!’
- ku pawínax̣ana patmaanítax̣ana tmɨ́šna ‘and they used to go to pick the chokecherry’;
- wɨ́npata ‘go get, fetch’.
- ačataš kú wínata x̣nɨ́mˀuyiyatata mɨtáłk̓ʷipa ‘because we will go do the first digging on Wednesday’;
- wáyx̣tix̣ana wɨ́npatax̣a aq̓uwitpamá płɨ́x̣ ‘we run to buy cough medicine’;
- kʷnáta kú patánakwinata xúlxulmaaman patátamanikatata ‘there then indeed they will haul the trout and plant them’.
- ášapaˀatayitak lúlukaš ‘go milk (the cow)!’;
- Reduces to -ta after a vowel:
- áwna łq̓íwitaša ‘let us go play’;
- čáwnam mún łq̓íwitata ana kʷná iwá tamicáwas ‘you should never go play where there is a cemetery’;
- paˀílax̣yawitax̣ana nɨkʷɨ́t kúušx̣i núsux kúušx̣i x̣nít ‘they used to go dry meat and salmon and roots’;
- paˀanítax̣ana Ímatalamyaw ‘they would go to Umatilla in order to make it’;
- patáwɨnpayitana tílaaki ‘they went to get him a wife’;
- ana pmáy pamáwšuwaša x̣nítatyaw ‘they who are getting themselves ready to go root digging’;
- tkʷáyta ‘throw, throw a spear’. Often occurs with a motion verb (such as wína ‘go’):
- wínašapam skúulitaša ‘you are going to school’;
- ku pawínax̣ana patmaanítax̣ana tmɨ́šna ‘and they would go pick the chokecherry’;
- wínanaataš x̣nítana ‘we went root digging’;
- kunam páyš wínata x̣nítata kʷaaní ‘and maybe you will go root digging in that direction’;
- kutaš wínata ánč̓a x̣nítata ‘and we will go digging again’;
See more:
[NP /-ten/.]
=ataš
-at̓a
-awa
Function:
Directive.
Function:
Forms verb
Examples:
- ášawašaykšmaš ‘I’m going on in to you (said when entering the sweathouse)’;
- paˀátawaša paamanáy ‘they are going out to them’;
- kunamta ičáx̣ɨlpawamta anam kú čɨ́ni iwínata náx̣šyaw hawláakyaw tiičámyaw ‘and he will open it to you when you go from here to a spirit land’;
- aš kúuš pináˀititamanawašana ‘like I was reading to myself’;
- ič̓ɨ́škawanaaš ‘he lied to me’;
- k̓ʷałanáwašamaš ‘I am pleased with you’;
- kunata kʷaaná ák̓ʷałanawax̣a ‘and we are glad for that’;
- ana k̓ʷapɨ́n ináčičawaša ƛ̓áax̣ʷ ‘all the aforementioned that he brought to us’;
- k̓ʷáynaš kúuš itɨmnanáx̣nawax̣ana inmínɨm káłanɨm ‘my grandmother used to tell me stories like that’;
- kunam patq̓íx̣nawata ‘and they will want you’;
- kutaš iwínanawaša šuyápunɨm ‘and the whiteman is going to us’;
- wiyánawiyawašamaš šápniyanat ‘I am coming to ask you’;
- pápawiyanawiyawax̣ana ‘they used to visit one another’;
- wáawiyanawiyawamtk ‘come stop in for a while!’;
- alyáwa ‘wager in stick-game’.
See more:
[NE -uun; NW -úun; NP /-úu/; probably from indicative -e plus we ‘be’.]
-awi
Function:
Verbalizer. Forms verb.
Examples:
k̓ɨsáawi ‘be cold’;
sapat̓ax̣ináwi ‘measure’;
tananáwi ‘keep the traditions’;
wiyáalačawi ‘turn around, look back’;
wiyánawi ‘arrive’.
See also:
-wi.
[NP /-ewi/.]
-ayi
Function:
Applicative. Forms verb.
Examples:
- áwnaš ičáx̣ɨlpayišamš ína pčɨ́š ‘he is opening the door for me now’;
- kuš ƛ̓áax̣ʷ áp̓x̣nayix̣a paamanáy sɨ́nwit ‘and I remember all their words’;
- kutaš ásapakiikayita paanáy wáwnakʷšaš ‘and we will clean her [the root’s] body’;
- pankáštkayix̣ana k̓úsina ɨ́mpa ‘they would tie it on the horse’s mouth’;
- panáyk̓ukayix̣a miyánašna tún ‘they gather things for the baby (a baby shower)’;
- ásapak̓ʷłtikayik núšnu ‘wipe his nose!’;
- kúušx̣ina náaman inaknúwiyayiša wáwnakʷšaš čúušnɨm ‘in the same way the water is taking care of our bodies’;
- áwawtnayitanam tún ‘you should taboo their things’;
- iwaqítnayišana paanáy pšɨ́t ‘he was looking for his (someone else’s) father’;
- iq̓ínwayiša pšɨ́t ‘he saw his (someone else’s) father’;
- iníčayitana k̓ʷapɨ́n ‘he will put away our aforementioned’;
- watx̣ɨ́nam ím pákʷiyayitax̣na ‘would you do it for me?’.
See More:
-yi. [NE -ayi & NP /-eˀyi/ occur before consonants; NE -ani & NP /-eˀni/ occur before vowels; NW uses only -ani.]
-ayk
Definition:
To or from a standing position; inceptive.
Function:
Forms verb
Examples:
ámtayk ‘move in with in-laws’ (said of a woman);
čáwslayk ‘pull back a bow, aim a gun’;
čámx̣ʷlayk ‘lift out of the ground’;
č̓ɨ́mnayk ‘bundle to take home’;
haywáanayk ‘take a break, go on vacation’;
ɨmúnayk ‘stay with one’s in-laws’ (said of a man);
šátayk ‘camp together for the purpose of gathering food’;
tamápayk ‘roll off’;
táwx̣anayk ‘lie on the back’;
táwyanayk ‘live, settle down to live’;
tkʷápčayk ‘put the hand out’;
waláplayk ‘wrap around the braids’;
nákwaasikayk ‘stay at home with’;
yámuxlayk ‘demolish by flood’.
See more:
[Cf. áyč (N ayík) ‘sit’, also the NP inceptive /-ík/.]