Definition:
Month.
Function:
Attach to nouns.
Example:
xawit̓álxawit̓al ‘month approximating April’.
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-mi ‘month’
[NP /-ˀál/ ~ /-ˀáł/.]
-ˀaš
Function:
Purpose nominalizer.
Examples:
šwát̓aš ‘cloud’;
táp̓aš ‘pine’;
twalúut̓as ‘dipnet’.
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[NP /-ˀes/.]
-ˀát
Function:
Feminine agentive.
Example:
twataˀát ‘female Indian doctor’.
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[NP /-ˀato/ (a diminutive variant of NP /-ˀetu/).]
-ˀáwas
Function:
Instrument nominalizer.
Example:
kaƛ̓iyawit̓áwas ‘poison’.
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[NE -ˀúus.]
-ˀiš
Function:
Attributive.
Example:
wáq̓iš ‘alive, awake’;
wíyat̓iš ‘for a long time’.
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[NP /-ˀis/ is more productive.]
-ˀuyi
Definition:
Begin, start.
Function:
Forms verb from nominalized with -t (mostly the [ˀ] of -ˀuyi does not cause glottalization of the nominalizer).
Example:
tkʷátatˀuyi ‘start to eat’;
tkʷáynptˀuyi ‘go on first hunt’;
tk̓ʷanáytitˀuyi ‘begin to walk’;
tɨ́x̣ˀuyi ‘make the first kill’;
wánatˀuyi ‘start to flow’;
wánptˀuyi ‘begin to medicine sing’;
wáyx̣titˀuyi ‘start to run’;
wát̓uyi ‘go ahead’.
See also:
[NP /-t̓uyi/ (/-t/ plus /-ˀuyi/).]
-a
Function:
Archaic directional. Forms verb.
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See -na.
-a
Vocative. túta ‘father!’; íła ‘mother!’; tɨ́ta ‘child!’. [NE -aˀ (senior vocative); -a (junior vocative); NP /-eˀ/ (senior vocative); /-e/ (junior vocative).]
-a
Function:
Archaic indicative frozen in various suffixes. Forms verb.
Examples:
- -aša ‘on, upon’;
- -ata ‘go for a purpose’;
- -awa (directive);
- -ayi (applicative);
- -ničanwi ‘down’;
- -ničapa ‘in or into brush’;
- -ničaša ‘on, upon’;
- níyawštayma ‘reciprocate with money to one who is receiving a name and from whom a gift has been received’.
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[NP /-e/.]
-a
Definition:
Used to describe an action that was done in the past.new info
Function:
Past tense.
Examples:
- -a after a consonant
- -ya after i
- iwiyánawiya ‘he arrived’;
- -na after vowel
- x̣lakníin itkʷátana ‘he ate too much’.
- Can be used with progressive -ša aspect.
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[NP /-e/; cf. archaic indicative -a.]
-a
Function:
Present perfect.
See more:
NW Sahaptin. Suffixes to in and un verbs (Umatilla simply lengthens the in and un in the present perfect). See Table 18.
-aaš
Source, place, tree, bush, patch, source for berries. ililmúkaaš ‘dwarf huckleberry bush’; kkúušaaš ‘hazelnut tree’; mɨt̓ɨ́paaš ‘elderberry tree’; níitaaš ‘house site’; pínušaš ‘gooseberry bush’; sáxataaš ‘raspberry bush’; wiwnúwaaš ‘huckleberry bush’. See also -aašu, -šway. [NP /-nwees/.]
-i
Function:
Past participle. Forms adjectives from nouns and verbs.
Examples:
- With verbs
- -i after consonant
- waníči ‘named’;
- wánpi ‘sung (one who has sung the medicine song)’;
- tamámi ‘cake’;
- pátasi ‘quail’;
- púuši ‘having juniper, worthless land’.
- áwtni ‘tabooed’;
- ílax̣ʷayx̣i ‘heated up’;
- pánaymuni ‘related to one another’;
- sapác̓ɨmki ‘sharpened’;
- sapák̓stni ‘cooled down’;
- sapasunaytí ‘wheel barrow’;
- níči iwá ‘he is put away (buried)’
- wɨ́npi iwá ‘he is arrested’;
- wák̓ɨlki nɨkʷɨ́t ‘hamburger’;
- walák̓iki łkmá ‘the stick-game bone with the mark’;
- táax̣aluuni calutimat̓áwas ‘dyed cornhusk’;
- ɨsɨ́xʷi ‘female salmon, female fish’;
- áwtaši ‘wounded’;
- lɨ́mq̓ini iwačá ‘he had his eyes closed’;
- tmíyuni iwá ‘it is decided’;
- šq̓múni iwá ‘it is wrinkled’;
- ku iwá pčɨ́š wíwac̓aaki ‘and each door/gate is locked’;
- wáx̣ɨmki iwá ɨst̓swáakuł ‘the corn is ground’
- -yi after i
- ku áwača wátisas aníyi kakyanmí p̓ip̓inmí ‘and his rope was made of animal intestine’;
- tílaaki níyi iwačá miyuux̣míyaw ‘a woman was given to the chief’;
- čáw mɨná iwačá aníyi tamicáwas ‘nowhere was there a cemetery made’;
- áwata aníyi wilawiix̣tpamá ‘their racetrack will be made’;
- xawíyi ‘mature, ripened’.
- –ni after vowel
- -i after consonant
- With nouns:
- čáwx̣inam wá wɨłq̓ámi ‘you are not similarly shod’;
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[NE -í; NP /-iˀins/.]
-i
Adjunct that occurs only in the CR dialects. Occurs after a (where it is orthographically -y) in Umatilla: pmáy ‘they’; k̓ʷáy ‘that’; naamanáy ‘us’; imanáy ‘you (acc.)’; paanáy ‘him/her/it’; piinamanáy ‘them two’; etc. Also occurs in WS after nominative personal pronouns: íni ‘I’; ími ‘you’; pɨ́ni ‘he/she/ it’; náamay ‘we’; etc. The N dialects variously have instead -k, thus NW: ínk ‘I’; ímk ‘you’; pɨ́nk ‘he/she/it’; namák ‘we’; etc. [Cf. NP /-i/ in /ˀipí/ ‘he, she, it’; Klamath i in ni ‘I’; mi ‘yours’; bi ‘he, she, it’.]
-i
Ablative case. čɨ́ni ‘from this, from here’; kʷɨ́ni ‘from that, from there’; mɨ́ni ‘from where? whence?’. See also -kni. [N -ik; NP /-ik/.]
-i
Function:
Imperative. Only in WS imperative plural.
Function:
Forms verb.
Example:
- wínamti ‘y’all come!’.
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-k. [NP imperative /-i/ (only after vowel stems); Klamath imperative singular -i.]
-i
Function:
Verbalizer. Forms verb.
Examples:
- ámani ‘marry’ (of a woman);
- táˀawtaši ‘wound with an arrow (or bullet)’;
- čáksksi ‘make small’;
- čáynači ‘marry’ (of a man);
- čx̣áwi ‘be fat’;
- íkkmi ‘fill’;
- íkuuksɨmi ‘straighten out’;
- íniix̣i ‘fix’;
- íƛ̓ɨmx̣ʷi ‘cover’;
- kúuki ‘cook’;
- lák̓ʷšk̓ʷši ‘turn brown from roasting’;
- láqayx̣i ‘shine’;
- láx̣yawi ‘dry’;
- lax̣ʷayx̣łáyi ‘have the flu’;
- łáyłayi ‘have measles, pox’;
- páščti ‘mist, be misty’;
- sapátaawayi ‘freeze’;
- skúuli ‘go to school’;
- sulátasi ‘put on leggings’;
- šapáłkapi ‘have arthritis’;
- šátɨmi ‘be autumn’;
- tamc̓íc̓iti ‘hail’;
- táatpasi ‘put on like a shirt’;
- tilíwali ‘bleed’;
- tuní ‘strike a match’;
- t̓úx̣t̓ux̣i ‘rain’;
- wawáx̣ɨmi ‘be spring’;
- wɨłq̓ámi ‘put on moccasins’.
- Productive with borrowed words:
- *town*i ‘go to town’;
- *watch*i ‘watch’.
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[NP /-hi/.]