344 terms start with “a

á-

Individuated object. Inflects certain verbal prefixes (e.g., compare causatives: individuative šapá- with distributive šáp-). [NP /é-/.]

-aš

Purpose nominalizer. ílukas ‘firewood’; q̓ɨ́mkas ‘shoulder’; núq̓ʷaš ‘throat’; sapxʷɨ́lkas ‘ring’; táwaxicas ‘stick in stick game’; twánpaš ‘comb’; wánpaš ‘medicine song’; wáƛ̓ikas ‘small stick used to hit the pole in stickgame songs’; wiyálpas ‘bullet’. Where productive -aš suffixes to the nominalizer -t: núsux ituníšana tananmaamí tkʷátataš ‘salmon went upriver for the people to eat’; patq̓íx̣šanaaš walptáyktaš ‘they wanted me to sing’; walápaq̓ičtnɨmnaš išapáwiyanawiša naknúwiyayitaš miyánašma ‘the president is sending me to take care of his children’; ililmúk patmaaníx̣ana šapátwataš wíwnuna ‘they used to pick blueberries to mix with huckleberries’; ɨ́mčayaƛ̓piša nɨkáštktna čáx̣ʷłktaš ‘he wet the knot with his mouth in order to untie it’; ku pátq̓ix̣na paamanáy naknúwitaš čaaná tiičámna ‘and he wanted them to take care of this land’; čáw máan wínataš ‘nowhere to go’. [Y -aaš; NP /-ˀes/.]

ašɨ́š

Navel, belly button; start of a basket. See also, sápwaasklikt ‘start of a basket’. [WS áš; Y ɨšɨ́š; NP sís /ss/ (one downriver speaker said, ˀéesis).]

á-

Obviative pronominal. The allomorph áw- occurs before vowels. Possessor of subject in intransitive clauses: ana kú áwat̓ix̣ana ‘when his would cook’; ku aw kú ápinawšuwana káła ‘and then his grandmother got herself ready’; k̓ʷáy áwa paamíin táwyanaykt ‘that was their dwelling’; ku áwiyatk̓uka sc̓atmí ‘and theirs was midnight’; ku áwiyanawiya x̣áy tiskayayanmí X̣ʷaamayáy ‘and Skunk’s friend Eagle arrived’; čí áwa tananmaamí tkʷátat ‘this is the Indian’s food’. Direct object in transitive and ditransitive clauses (when subject is 1st or 2nd person): álaaknayišnaš waníčt ‘I have forgotten his name’; áwišnaaš útpas ‘I won the blanket from them’; ana kú tk̓ʷíikʷ ásapsik̓ʷata naamí sɨ́nwit ‘when we teach them our language correctly’; čáwnam mún miyánašna áwawyata ‘you never should whip a child’; anam kú átalax̣itkta miyánašmaaman ‘when you discipline the children’. [NW á-/áw- serves a broader obviative function; NP /ˀe-/; /ˀew-/ before /ˀR/ (R = Resonant).]

-a

Vocative. túta ‘father!’; íła ‘mother!’; tɨ́ta ‘child!’. [NE -aˀ (senior vocative); -a (junior vocative); NP /-eˀ/ (senior vocative); /-e/ (junior vocative).]

-a

Archaic directional. See -na.

-a

Archaic indicative frozen in various suffixes. -aša ‘on, upon’; -ata ‘go for a purpose’; -awa (directive); -ayi (applicative); -ničanwi ‘down’; -ničapa ‘in or into brush’; -ničaša ‘on, upon’; níyawštayma ‘reciprocate with money to one who is receiving a name and from whom a gift has been received’. [NP /-e/.]

-a

Past tense. iwiyánawiya ‘he arrived’; ataš kú ttáwax̣šana kuš áq̓inunx̣ana ‘when we were growing up I used to see them’. [NP /-e/; cf. archaic indicative -a.]

-a

Present perfect. NW Sahaptin. Suffixes to in and un- verbs (Umatilla simply lengthens the in and un in the present perfect). See Table 18.

áš

Go in, enter. ášɨm ‘come in!’; áwnam ášta ‘you may go in now’; áw paˀášɨn ‘they have gone in now’; ku aw kú máal áša ‘and then he went in for a while’; ku čáw šín ášta ‘and nobody will enter’; nɨwítkni pawá awínšma ku pawá tílaakima wákacalkni ana kú paˀášɨnx̣a k̓ʷáalkyaw ‘the men are on the right and the women are on the left when they go in to the longhouse’; čáwnam mún ášta kʷná ‘you will never enter there’; x̣ʷiyáytšpa ášɨn ‘he has gone in the sweathouse’; ášapaˀašɨnk ‘let him go in!’; ku čáw šín ášta ‘and nobody will enter’; wáaˀašɨm ‘come in for a while!’; twáˀaš ‘go in from the rain’; ášawa ‘go in to, visit’; yáˀaš ‘flow in’; mɨšyúpa paˀašłá ‘earwig’ (Hunn 1990:313). [NP /ˀác/.]

ãˀ

Don’t, don’t want, leave me alone. Pronounced [ˀæ̃ˀ] (with nasalization), also [ˀmˀ].

áˀa

Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos. aˀanmí úšaytš ‘crow’s socks, big snowflakes’. [NP ˀáˀa /ˀaˀa/.]

aˀáˀ

Watch out!

áˀami

February. áˀami úšaytš ‘March’. [NP /ˀalatam̓ál/; cf. ˀaˀánm ˀicuˀyéeks ‘crow’s socks’ (“big flakes of snow that fall in late winter or March” – Aoki 1994:983).]

ača

Because. Co-occurs with a stressed ‘and’: pank̓ú iwá at̓úk yáx̣tpa ača kú iwá kkɨ́s ‘Hoover’s tauschia are hard to find because they are small’; kuš áp̓x̣ša ačaš kú wačá kʷná ‘and I remember because I was there’; čáwnam šína míš áwɨnta mɨlá ačanam kú wá níix̣ ‘you shouldn’t tell anyone anything bad [i.e., gossip] because you are good’; iwɨ́šayčta ačataš kú ƛ̓áax̣ʷ išúkʷayiša sɨ́nwit ‘he will stay because he knows all our language’; čáwnam ámčni sc̓átpa tkʷátata ača kú iwá átaw mɨškʷyámkt kʷɨ́nki ‘you shouldn’t eat outside at night because the belief about that is important’; čáwnam tún paníta ačanam kú iníša pɨ́nɨm x̣ʷaamipamánɨm x̣túwit ‘they shouldn’t give you anything because the one above is giving you the power’; čáwnam mún pináˀanita ašwaníya mɨláyaw táwax̣yaw ku mɨláyaw tawtnúkyaw ačanam kú pináčak̓aywakayiša wiyáx̣ayx̣t ‘you should never make yourself the slave to marijuana and drugs because you will shorten your life’; ačanam kú ttáwax̣ta kumaš wáta miyánaš ‘because you will grow up you will have a child’. [NW anáwx̣it (Jacobs 1931:267); NP /ˀetke/.]

áčaš

Eye. áčaš ilɨ́mq̓iša pt̓ínits ‘the girl is closing her eyes’; spilyaynmí áčaš ‘buttercup, Ranunculus occidentalis; contact lenses’; šušaynšmí áčaš ~ nusuxmí áčaš ‘Munro’s or whitestem globemallow (Sphaeralcea munroana)’; kaluxmí áčaš ‘evening-primrose (Oenothera pallida)’. [Y áčaaš; NP /slu/; áčaš is probably PS *hék ‘see’ (cf. NP /hekn/ ‘see’) plus purpose nominalizer *-eš; cf. NP hekín̓es (/hekn-ˀes/) ‘in order to see, for seeing’.]

-aaš

Source, place, tree, bush, patch, source for berries. ililmúkaaš ‘dwarf huckleberry bush’; kkúušaaš ‘hazelnut tree’; mɨt̓ɨ́paaš ‘elderberry tree’; níitaaš ‘house site’; pínušaš ‘gooseberry bush’; sáxataaš ‘raspberry bush’; wiwnúwaaš ‘huckleberry bush’. See also -aašu, -šway. [NP /-nwees/.]

-aša

On, upon. aƛ̓awiyáša ‘pray for, bless’; háašnaša ‘breathe on’; ílapaša ‘lay hands on for healing’; ít̓x̣aša ‘smoke’; káƛ̓inaša ‘spit on’; nɨpáša ‘get back, retrieve’; tamčáša ‘put on, load on’; tíitnaša ‘eject musk on’; yáx̣ikaša ‘pour on’. See also -ša; -ničaša.

aałá

Claw. Jacobs 1929:178:21 See aasá.

ášam

Wife. ášam ‘wife!’; ínmašam ‘my wife’; ímašam ‘your wife’; ášam ‘(his) wife’; ášam áwiyanawi ‘his wife has arrived’; išánaša ášaapa ‘he’s jealous of his wife’; k̓ʷáy áwa ašammí ‘that is his wife’s’; áƛ̓iyawiya winšmí pɨnašaamí x̣ɨ́tway ‘the man’s wife’s friend died’; ášamin ‘married (of a man), married couple’. [NP /ˀwépne/.]