143 terms start with “k

-k

Augment. For CR equivalent see -i. Most widespread in NW: ínk ‘I’; ímk ‘you’; pɨ́nk ‘he, she, it’; piimanák ‘them’; imínk ‘yours’; etc. With 2nd/3rd person accusative pronouns in NE: imaná(k) ‘you’; imaamaná(k) ‘you’ (pl.); imiinamaná(k) ‘you two’; paaná(k) ‘him, her, it’; paamaná(k) ‘them’; piinamaná(k) ‘them two’. Does not occur before enclitics (except for =sá): kʷáalx̣i ‘that same distance’ (Jacobs 1929:225:4; cf. kʷáalk ‘that long, that tall, that far’ Jacobs 1929:225:4). In all the dialects before =sá ‘alone’: ilksá ‘I alone’; lamaksá ‘we alone’; paalaksá ‘he alone’; etc. [Cf. Klamath -k (Barker 1963b:179).]

-k

Imperative. yáx̣ʷak ‘wait!’; tútik ‘stand up!’; kʷáan kúk ‘go away!’; áq̓inunk ‘look at it!’; ánik ‘give it to him!’; apáp áwɨnpayik ‘shake hands!’; čáw tíyak ‘don’t laugh!’. With adjunct -n after an obstruent (-nk): tímaš wɨ́npɨnk ‘pick up your papers!’; áyčɨnk ‘sit down!’; páykɨnk ‘hear me!’. Deletes after cislocative -m: wínam ‘come!’; ášɨm ‘come in!’; átɨm ‘come out!’; wɨ́npatam čí útpas ‘come get this blanket!’. Pluralized by -t, e.g. wínamtk ‘you all come!’. [NP /-k/ (after consonants), /-y/ (after vowels).]

-k

Augment that occurs with various adverbial prefixes. A stem final n is never present before -k, and -k never occurs after p. čák̓uk ‘bundle’; čáwaanknik ‘put around’; ík̓uk ‘pile’; ínaamk ‘erase’; mɨškʷyámk ‘believe’; náyk̓uk ‘gather’; nákpayšk ‘appear with, bring back a name’; sápk̓uk ‘gather up’; suyátk ‘skewer fish or meat’; tamáquk ‘weigh down, hinder’; wáp̓ik ‘wash clothes’; wáasklik ‘go around’; wášiwatk ‘disagree, quarrel’; wátyasklik ‘dance around’; wiyánknik ‘go around’; wiyák̓uk ‘gather together’. A root final velar or uvular obstruent absorbs -k, and a root final labiovelar/ labiouvular is delabialized by -k: ílac̓ɨx ‘fry’; pátk̓ʷk ‘straighten’; šáx̣ƛ̓k ‘cut’; wáwp̓k ‘hatch’. Adjectives verbalized by -k with adverbial prefix: čák̓aywak ‘shorten’; čák̓ilak ‘bend’; čák̓ptk ‘ball up’; čáquuk ‘hold back, halt’; čáq̓ttk ‘make hard, harden’; íc̓ik ‘sweeten’; ímałak ‘clean up’; náknɨč̓ik ‘enlarge’; pác̓aak ‘add on’; twáluc̓ak ‘mark red’; wác̓aak ‘close, lock’; wáquuk ‘stake down’. In the following -k is clearly a transitivizer: pátuk ‘place, set’ (individuative object); ptúk ‘place, set dishes’ (distributive object). For intransitive equivalents see pátun ‘be situated’ (individuative inanimate subject); ptún ‘be situated’ (distributive inanimate subject). The palatalized variant , which see, occurs only in CR. [NP /-k/.]

ká-

With the teeth, mouth, in eating. káˀilawi ‘taste’; káˀuyi ‘eat first, observe the firstfruits’; kánaq̓i ‘finish eating’; káanwi ‘eat up, devour’; kášk̓ululapn ‘eat too much fat’; káƛ̓in ‘spit’; káƛ̓iyawi ‘kill with food, poison’; káƛ̓x̣ʷ ‘eat up, devour’; káwaaluuk ‘pick up with the mouth’. Nonpalatalized variant of čá-. [NP /ké-/.]

kaˀáam

Insufficient, not enough as when cheated in a trade. kaˀáamnaš paníya ‘they didn’t give me enough’; kaˀáamnaš wá ‘I didn’t have (“eat”) enough’; kaˀáam iwačá tkʷátat ‘there wasn’t enough food’.

káˀanakʷ

Leave food on the plate. Also pronounced káanakʷ. ákaˀanakʷaaš núsuxna ‘I left the salmon on the plate’.

kaˀáw

A little while. kaˀáwnaš ínč̓a wačá kʷná ‘I was there a little while also’.

káˀilawi

Taste. Often pronounced kíilawi. ákaˀilawik núsuxna ‘taste the salmon!’; kuš kíilawiya múułmuuł tkʷátat ‘and I tasted some of each food’. [NP /kíinewi/; PS *kéhinewi.]

káˀuyi

Feast first, feast on the new foot. pakáˀuyiša núsuxna ‘they are feasting on the new salmon (the spring run)’; ana kʷná pakáˀuyiša x̣nítna ‘where they are feasting first on the roots’; anam kú pakáˀuyiyayita tux̣ʷɨ́nat ‘when they feast first on your shooting’; máysx pakáˀuyita núsux ‘they’ll eat the first salmon tomorrow’; k̓ʷáy pawá pínapt tkʷátat ana kʷaaná ákaˀuyix̣a ‘those are the four foods which we feast first’; patákaˀuyiyayiša ‘they’re having a feast for him (a young person who has just made a first kill, first root digging, first berry picking)’; patákaˀuyiyayiša yáamaš ‘they’re feasting on his first deer’; ana kú patákaˀuyiyayiya paanáy čɨ́mti tux̣ʷɨ́nat ku iwá šúkʷani tkʷaynpłá ‘when they feasted his new shooting then the hunter is known’; ku kúušx̣i patákaˀuyiyayix̣a čɨ́mti x̣nít miyánašna ku iwá šúkʷani x̣niłá ‘and in the same way they feast the child’s new roots and the root digger is known’. [WS sapálwi; NP /kéˀuyi/.]

káˀuyit

The first feasting of the year, first eating, root feast, feast. ana mɨná iwá tún káˀuyit ‘wherever there is any feast’; ana kʷaaná patáwaničɨnx̣a latítlatit káˀuyitay ‘that which they designate “celery” for the feast’; pak̓ʷałánx̣a pčałk̓ʷína káˀuyitki ‘they celebrate Mother’s day with the feast’; sɨ́nwisanaaš káˀuyitki ‘I was talking about the feast’; wínax̣aataš ášuyatax̣a x̣nítna kutaš kúuk tmíyunx̣a káˀuyitki ‘we go check the roots and then we decide about the root feast’; wɨšáynačɨnx̣aataš káˀuyitpa ‘we move in at the root feast’. [WS sapálwit; NP /kéˀuyit/.]

káakɨm

Full, very full. áw iwá káakɨm ‘it is full’; káakɨm iwá wápas ‘the bag is full’; káakɨmpam kúta wápas ‘you should fill up your bag’. [NE kmíim; NP kakmám /kkm´m/.]

káanwi

Eat up, devour, leave nothing. ikáanwiya ‘he ate it all up’; ikáanwiyaaš ‘he left nothing for me’. [NP /ktíwi/.]

kaanwiłá

One who grabs up all the food, glutton. [NP /ktiwiyew̓et(u)/.]

káas

Train. káas ituníšamš ‘a train is coming upriver’; mísc̓ikiš wáyča kʷná kaasmí wáx̣wayčtpa ‘I barely crossed there on the train bridge’. [NP /ˀalahiins/.]

káatnam

Long, tall. káatnam iwá wínš ‘the man is tall’; čáw pawá miyánašma káatnam ‘the children are not tall’; ttúušma pawá káatnam ‘some people are tall’; káatnam tútanik ‘long hair’; káatlam wɨx̣á (waxalxalí) ‘harvestman, daddy-long-legs’. [NP /kuhét(i)/.]

káatnam

Long house. Umatilla mostly k̓ʷáalk níit. ayáyatnaš áykna walptáykašna káatnampa ‘I heard a beautiful song at the long house’. [NP /kuhét̓niit/.]

káatnamwit

Length. (Jacobs 1931:223).

káax̣ačanwi

Fall from tree and spread out. Plural subject. áw ikáax̣ačanwi apɨ́łapł ‘now the leaves have fallen’.

káayk

Clean. ku káayk pákʷayix̣a kʷiiní plášin plɨ́splɨsin ‘and that white berry cleans his (sore)’. See also kyáak. [NP /kyxk´yx/.]

kac̓askác̓as

Breath. kac̓askác̓as iwáynana kúuk aw kú ináx̣tiya ‘he lost his breath, then he cried’.