Present perfect. Survives after the directionals: iwámš ‘he is coming’; iwačítš ‘he is going on’; kʷɨ́łnaš k̓ʷáy ínč̓a tɨmnanáx̣ɨnkikš ‘that much further also I have told the story’. Survives before an enclitic: wášna tanán ‘we are Indian’; álaaknayišnaš waníčt ‘I have forgotten his name’. Deletes after a vowel: pawína ‘they have gone’; áw šnɨ́m át̓i ‘the thornberry has ripened now’; pakú ‘they have done it’. Is realized as a lengenthing in the vowel of a final in or un (and sometimes an): áwx̣aš pináwšuwaan wíwnu ‘now the huckleberry must have gotten herself ready’; patk̓íin ‘they have watched’; iq̓ínuun ‘he has seen’. Is realized as -ɨn after all consonant stems: áwna iwiláalakʷɨn ‘he has left us now’; čɨ́mti waníčt ipáyšɨn ‘a new name has come out’. Occurs in hortative constructions: aš ín nána ‘let me take it’ (Jacobs 1931:125). [NP /-s/.]

On, upon. náša ‘make noise’; ničaša ‘be on, upon’; šápša ‘load, load on’; twáša ‘cook, boil’; wapáša ‘touch, feel’; wáša ‘ride’; walápaša ‘sit upon’; wáaša ‘dance’. See also -aša ‘on, upon’. [NP /-se/ (cf. /sépse/ ‘load’), /-ce/ (cf. /ten̓wece/ ‘speak on -behalf of’; /kal̓amkaca/ ‘deprive of food’); /-c̓e/ (cf. /tiic̓e/ ‘break wind upon’), /-c̓a/ (cf. /hóx̣alc̓a/ ‘roll upon’).]