Function:

Present perfect.

Examples:

1. -š after the directionals:
   1. iwámš ‘he is coming’;
   2. iwačítš ‘he is going on’;
   3. kʷɨ́łnaš k̓ʷáy ínč̓a tɨmnanáx̣ɨnkikš ‘that much further also I have told the story’.
2. -š before an enclitic:
   1. wášna tanán ‘we are Indian’;
   2. álaaknayišnaš waníčt ‘I have forgotten his name’.
3. Deletes after a vowel:
   1. pawína ‘they have gone’;
   2. áw šnɨ́m át̓i ‘the thornberry has ripened now’;
   3. pakú ‘they have done it’.
4. Is realized as a lengenthing in the vowel of a final in or un (and sometimes an):
   1. áwx̣aš pináwšuwaan wíwnu ‘now the huckleberry must have gotten herself ready’;
   2. patk̓íin ‘they have watched’;
   3. iq̓ínuun ‘he has seen’.
5. Is realized as –ɨn after all consonant stems:
   1. áwna iwiláalakʷɨn ‘he has left us now’;
   2. čɨ́mti waníčt ipáyšɨn ‘a new name has come out’.
6. Occurs in hortative constructions:
   1. aš ín nána ‘let me take it’ (Jacobs 1931:125).

See more:

[NP /-s/.]

On, upon. náša ‘make noise’; ničaša ‘be on, upon’; šápša ‘load, load on’; twáša ‘cook, boil’; wapáša ‘touch, feel’; wáša ‘ride’; walápaša ‘sit upon’; wáaša ‘dance’. See also -aša ‘on, upon’. [NP /-se/ (cf. /sépse/ ‘load’), /-ce/ (cf. /ten̓wece/ ‘speak on -behalf of’; /kal̓amkaca/ ‘deprive of food’); /-c̓e/ (cf. /tiic̓e/ ‘break wind upon’), /-c̓a/ (cf. /hóx̣alc̓a/ ‘roll upon’).]