218 terms start with “i”

í-

Function:

Emphatic. This historical prefix is built into the pronouns.

Examples:

  1. Frozen in
    1. ín ‘I’;
    2. ím ‘you’;
    3. íčɨn ‘to this’;
    4. íkʷɨn ‘to that’;
    5. ímɨn ‘where to?’;
    6. ičiškíin ‘in this language’.
  2. Largely productive in NW:
    1. čáwnaš átq̓ix̣ša ikuunák áyatnan ‘I do not want that exact woman’ (Jacobs 1929:224:8);
    2. cf. kuunák Spilyáy itk̓ína ‘Coyote watched that’ (Jacobs 1929:230:14).

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[NP /ˀí-/ with 1st person, /ˀi-/ with 2nd and 3rd person and interrogative pronouns.]

í-

Function:

Transitivizer (turns intransitive verbs into transitive verbs).

Examples:

  1. Without -k:
    1. íkkmi / íkkɨmi ‘fill’;
    2. ílac̓muyn ‘warm up’;
    3. ílapaša ‘lay hands on for healing’;
    4. ílax̣yawi ‘dry’;
    5. ílax̣ʷayx̣ ‘heat’;
    6. ílwi ‘testify, confess’;
    7. ínaq̓i ‘finish’;
    8. ínaat̓i ‘cook’;
    9. ínawi ‘try, test’;
    10. íniix̣i ‘fix’;
    11. ípuxpuxi ‘spread around’;
    12. íqaax̣ta ‘pour into’;
    13. ísx̣ɨx̣n ‘infuriate, make angry’;
    14. ítux̣ ‘take back, return’;
    15. ítwa ‘mix’;
    16. ít̓x̣aša ‘smoke’;
    17. íƛ̓aapn ‘lost out on’;
    18. íƛ̓iyawi ‘kill’;
    19. íƛ̓ɨmux̣i ‘cover’;
    20. íyatna ‘kill’;
    21. íyaƛ̓pi ‘wet, moisten’;
    22. íyawa ‘drive away’.
  2. With -k:
    1. íkiik ‘clean’;
    2. ímiik ‘tan’;
    3. ímuyk ‘wring out and stretch’;
    4. ítk̓ʷk / ítk̓ʷɨk ‘straighten’;
    5. íc̓ik ‘sweeten’;
    6. ík̓uk ‘pile’;
    7. ík̓ʷaank ‘spoil, give constant attention’;
    8. íluk ‘build a fire’;
    9. íłamayč ‘hide’;
    10. íłik ‘bother’;
    11. íšq̓uk ‘rub on grease, anoint’;
    12. íšwik ‘reciprocate on the Indian trade’;
    13. íqʷik ‘perfume’;
    14. ítyak̓uk ‘crowd’;
    15. íwayk ‘trap, catch’;
    16. íx̣alk̓uk ‘give a sudden scare’.

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[NP /hí-/.]

i-

Definition:

He, she, it.

Function:

Third person nominative pronominal. Attach to the beginning of a verb.

Examples:

  1. iwačá ‘he/she/it was’;
  2. iwínaša pt̓íits ‘the girl is going’;
  3. iwiyánawiya wínš ‘the man arrived’;
  4. iwáp̓aša tílaaki ‘the woman is weaving’;
  5. iq̓ínuša wawúkyana ‘he/she sees the elk’;
  6. iq̓ínušaaš wawúkyanɨm ‘the elk sees me’;
  7. ku ipápaničɨnx̣ana ana mɨná ‘and they would bury one another anywhere’.

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pɨ́n (independent pronoun)

[NP /hi-/.]

Pronoun chart

-i

Function:

Past participle. Forms adjectives from nouns and verbs.

Examples:

ataš kúuš wačá náma sápsik̓ʷani ‘such as we were taught’;

ku áwača wátisas aníyi kakyanmí p̓ip̓inmí ‘and his rope was made of animal intestine’;

tílaaki níyi iwačá miyuux̣míyaw ‘a woman was given to the chief’;

čáw mɨná iwačá aníyi tamicáwas ‘nowhere was there a cemetery made’;

áwata aníyi wilawiix̣tpamá ‘their racetrack will be made’;

ku iwá pčɨ́š wíwac̓aaki ‘and each door/gate is locked’;

wáx̣ɨmki iwá ɨst̓swáakuł ‘the corn is ground’;

níči iwá ‘he is put away (buried)’;

wɨ́npi iwá ‘he is arrested’;

lɨ́mq̓ini iwačá ‘he had his eyes closed’;

tmíyuni iwá ‘it is decided’;

šq̓múni iwá ‘it is wrinkled’;

wátana pamáwšuwani ‘we will be readied’;

ɨsɨ́xʷi ‘female salmon, female fish’;

áwtaši ‘wounded’;

áwtni ‘tabooed’;

čáwiwani ‘stretched’;

ílax̣ʷayx̣i ‘heated up’;

pánaymuni ‘related to one another’;

sapác̓ɨmki ‘sharpened’;

sapák̓stni ‘cooled down’;

sapasunaytí ‘wheel barrow’;

táax̣aluuni calutimat̓áwas ‘dyed cornhusk’;

wák̓ɨlki nɨkʷɨ́t ‘hamburger’;

walák̓iki łkmá ‘the stick-game bone with the mark’;

waníči ‘named’;

wánpi ‘sung (one who has sung the medicine song)’;

wášani ‘ridden’;

wáašani ‘adherent of the dreamer religion’;

xawíyi ‘mature, ripened’. With nouns: čáwx̣inam wá wɨłq̓ámi ‘you are not similarly shod’;

tamámi ‘cake’;

pátasi ‘quail’;

púuši ‘having juniper, worthless land’.

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After vowel: –ní

[NE -í; NP /-iˀins/.]

-i

Adjunct that occurs only in the CR dialects. Occurs after a (where it is orthographically -y) in Umatilla: pmáy ‘they’; k̓ʷáy ‘that’; naamanáy ‘us’; imanáy ‘you (acc.)’; paanáy ‘him/her/it’; piinamanáy ‘them two’; etc. Also occurs in WS after nominative personal pronouns: íni ‘I’; ími ‘you’; pɨ́ni ‘he/she/ it’; náamay ‘we’; etc. The N dialects variously have instead -k, thus NW: ínk ‘I’; ímk ‘you’; pɨ́nk ‘he/she/it’; namák ‘we’; etc. [Cf. NP /-i/ in /ˀipí/ ‘he, she, it’; Klamath i in ni ‘I’; mi ‘yours’; bi ‘he, she, it’.]

-i

Ablative case. čɨ́ni ‘from this, from here’; kʷɨ́ni ‘from that, from there’; mɨ́ni ‘from where? whence?’. See also -kni. [N -ik; NP /-ik/.]

-i

Function:

Verbalizer. Forms verb.

Examples:

  1. ámani ‘marry’ (of a woman);
  2. táˀawtaši ‘wound with an arrow (or bullet)’;
  3. čáksksi ‘make small’;
  4. čáynači ‘marry’ (of a man);
  5. čx̣áwi ‘be fat’;
  6. íkkmi ‘fill’;
  7. íkuuksɨmi ‘straighten out’;
  8. íniix̣i ‘fix’;
  9. íƛ̓ɨmx̣ʷi ‘cover’;
  10. kúuki ‘cook’;
  11. lák̓ʷšk̓ʷši ‘turn brown from roasting’;
  12. láqayx̣i ‘shine’;
  13. láx̣yawi ‘dry’;
  14. lax̣ʷayx̣łáyi ‘have the flu’;
  15. łáyłayi ‘have measles, pox’;
  16. páščti ‘mist, be misty’;
  17. sapátaawayi ‘freeze’;
  18. skúuli ‘go to school’;
  19. sulátasi ‘put on leggings’;
  20. šapáłkapi ‘have arthritis’;
  21. šátɨmi ‘be autumn’;
  22. tamc̓íc̓iti ‘hail’;
  23. táatpasi ‘put on like a shirt’;
  24. tilíwali ‘bleed’;
  25. tuní ‘strike a match’;
  26. t̓úx̣t̓ux̣i ‘rain’;
  27. wawáx̣ɨmi ‘be spring’;
  28. wɨłq̓ámi ‘put on moccasins’.
  29. Productive with borrowed words:
    1. *town*i ‘go to town’;
    2. *watch*i ‘watch’.

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[NP /-hi/.]

íša

Daughter. Vocative. íša wínam ‘daughter, come!’. See páp. [NP /ˀ´sta/ (spoken by a woman); íša is possibly a sound symbolic variant of íłaˀ ‘mother!’.]

íšat

Side, one side; half-dollar (coin). náx̣š íšat ‘one half’; paˀíšat ‘half and half’; íšatkni ‘on the other side’; íšatkan ‘toward the other side, across’; kʷníin íšatkni Ímatalampa ‘on that side of Umatilla’. [NP /kúpkn̓ikee(y)/.]

išatkniłá

One from across the river, Yakima or Wanapum person. išatkniłáma pawá ‘they are people from across the river’; Išatkniłáma ‘Yakima or Wanapum people’.

íšax̣

Add. anam kú áwilax̣yawiša x̣nítna čáwnam áwišax̣ta c̓ína ‘when you are drying roots do not add sugar’. [NP /hísaq/.]

icímayc

Feed (animals). paˀicímayca k̓úsi ‘he fed his horse’; músmuscɨnma icímaytsa c̓íc̓k ‘he is feeding his cattle hay’; áwicimaycɨnk k̓úsina c̓íc̓k ‘feed the horse hay!’; áwicimayctanam ɨwínatna ku k̓úsimaaman ku músmuscɨnmaaman ‘you should feed the cervids and horses and cattle’; icímaytsa k̓usik̓úsi ‘he is feeding his dog’; icímayca k̓usik̓úsi ‘he fed his dog’; páˀicimaytsa k̓úsimaaman ‘he is feeding the horses’; paˀicímayca k̓úsimaaman ‘they fed the horses’; icímaycɨnk k̓usik̓úsi ‘feed your dog!’; áwicimayctanam ílukyaw ‘you’ll feed them (the ghosts, by tossing food) into the fire (and that way they won’t bother you – see čáč̓wik)’. [WS icímac; NE icímak; NW yacímak; NP /k´wyek/.]

icímayct

Feed (hay, oats, etc.). iníya k̓úsimaaman icímayct ‘he gave the feed to the horses’. [WS icímact; NE icímakt; NW yacímakt; NP sepéepeˀs /sepé-hp-eˀs/.]

icimayctpamá

Feeding trough, manger. [NP /k´wyekees/.]

icwałá

Large intestine, colon. [NP /ˀicwałán/ “white intestines. máymay has excrement in it; ˀicwałá·n does not” (Aoki 1994:1008).]

íc̓ik

Sweeten, spice. íc̓iksa q̓ʷšq̓ʷɨ́š ‘he is sweetening his coffee’; ic̓ikáwas ‘sugar’.

ic̓ikáwas

Sugar. [NP cicyúk̓is /ccyk̓ʷis/.]

íc̓wayk

Make straight, straighten. Y pináˀic̓waykša ‘he is straightening himself up (morally)’.

ič̓un

Root bound in wiyáyč̓un ‘fear’.