Definition:

Month.

Function:

Attach to nouns.

Example:

xawit̓álxawit̓al ‘month approximating April’.

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-mi ‘month’

[NP /-ˀál/ ~ /-ˀáł/.]

Definition:

Begin, start.

Function:

Forms verb from nominalized with -t (mostly the [ˀ] of -ˀuyi does not cause glottalization of the nominalizer).

Example:

tkʷátatˀuyi ‘start to eat’;

tkʷáynptˀuyi ‘go on first hunt’;

tk̓ʷanáytitˀuyi ‘begin to walk’;

tɨ́x̣ˀuyi ‘make the first kill’;

wánatˀuyi ‘start to flow’;

wánptˀuyi ‘begin to medicine sing’;

wáyx̣titˀuyi ‘start to run’;

wát̓uyi ‘go ahead’.

See also:

úyi

[NP /-t̓uyi/ (/-t/ plus /-ˀuyi/).]

Function:

Archaic directional. Forms verb.

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See -na.

Function:

Archaic indicative frozen in various suffixes. Forms verb.

Examples:

-aša ‘on, upon’;

-ata ‘go for a purpose’;

-awa (directive);

-ayi (applicative);

-ničanwi ‘down’;

-ničapa ‘in or into brush’;

-ničaša ‘on, upon’;

níyawštayma ‘reciprocate with money to one who is receiving a name and from whom a gift has been received’.

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[NP /-e/.]

Definition:

Used to describe an action that was done in the past.^{new info}

Function:

Past tense.

Examples:

1. -a after a consonant
   1. pátiyanpa k̓úsi ‘he took the horse away from him’
2. -ya after i
   1. iwiyánawiya ‘he arrived’;
3. -na after vowel
   1. x̣lakníin itkʷátana ‘he ate too much’.
4. Can be used with progressive -ša aspect.
   1. ataš kú ttáwax̣šana kuš áq̓inunx̣ana ‘when we were growing up I used to see them’.

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[NP /-e/; cf. archaic indicative -a.]

Function:

Present perfect.

See more:

NW Sahaptin. Suffixes to in and un verbs (Umatilla simply lengthens the in and un in the present perfect). See Table 18.

Function:

Past participle. Forms adjectives from nouns and verbs.

Examples:

1. With verbs
   1. -i after consonant
      1. waníči ‘named’;
      2. wánpi ‘sung (one who has sung the medicine song)’;
      3. tamámi ‘cake’;
      4. pátasi ‘quail’;
      5. púuši ‘having juniper, worthless land’.
      6. áwtni ‘tabooed’;
      7. ílax̣ʷayx̣i ‘heated up’;
      8. pánaymuni ‘related to one another’;
      9. sapác̓ɨmki ‘sharpened’;
      10. sapák̓stni ‘cooled down’;
      11. sapasunaytí ‘wheel barrow’;
      12. níči iwá ‘he is put away (buried)’
      13. wɨ́npi iwá ‘he is arrested’;
      14. wák̓ɨlki nɨkʷɨ́t ‘hamburger’;
      15. walák̓iki łkmá ‘the stick-game bone with the mark’;
      16. táax̣aluuni calutimat̓áwas ‘dyed cornhusk’;
      17. ɨsɨ́xʷi ‘female salmon, female fish’;
      18. áwtaši ‘wounded’;
      19. lɨ́mq̓ini iwačá ‘he had his eyes closed’;
      20. tmíyuni iwá ‘it is decided’;
      21. šq̓múni iwá ‘it is wrinkled’;
      22. ku iwá pčɨ́š wíwac̓aaki ‘and each door/gate is locked’;
      23. wáx̣ɨmki iwá ɨst̓swáakuł ‘the corn is ground’
   2. -yi after i
      1. ku áwača wátisas aníyi kakyanmí p̓ip̓inmí ‘and his rope was made of animal intestine’;
      2. tílaaki níyi iwačá miyuux̣míyaw ‘a woman was given to the chief’;
      3. čáw mɨná iwačá aníyi tamicáwas ‘nowhere was there a cemetery made’;
      4. áwata aníyi wilawiix̣tpamá ‘their racetrack will be made’;
      5. xawíyi ‘mature, ripened’.
   3. –ní after vowel
      1. čáwiwani ‘stretched’;
      2. wášani ‘ridden’;
      3. wáašani ‘adherent of the dreamer religion’;
      4. ataš kúuš wačá náma sápsik̓ʷani ‘such as we were taught’;
      5. wátana pamáwšuwani ‘we will be readied’;
2. With nouns:
   1. čáwx̣inam wá wɨłq̓ámi ‘you are not similarly shod’;

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[NE -í; NP /-iˀins/.]

Function:

Imperative. Only in WS imperative plural.

Function:

Forms verb.

Example:

1. wínamti ‘y’all come!’.

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-k. [NP imperative /-i/ (only after vowel stems); Klamath imperative singular -i.]

Function:

Verbalizer. Forms verb.

Examples:

1. ámani ‘marry’ (of a woman);
2. táˀawtaši ‘wound with an arrow (or bullet)’;
3. čáksksi ‘make small’;
4. čáynači ‘marry’ (of a man);
5. čx̣áwi ‘be fat’;
6. íkkmi ‘fill’;
7. íkuuksɨmi ‘straighten out’;
8. íniix̣i ‘fix’;
9. íƛ̓ɨmx̣ʷi ‘cover’;
10. kúuki ‘cook’;
11. lák̓ʷšk̓ʷši ‘turn brown from roasting’;
12. láqayx̣i ‘shine’;
13. láx̣yawi ‘dry’;
14. lax̣ʷayx̣łáyi ‘have the flu’;
15. łáyłayi ‘have measles, pox’;
16. páščti ‘mist, be misty’;
17. sapátaawayi ‘freeze’;
18. skúuli ‘go to school’;
19. sulátasi ‘put on leggings’;
20. šapáłkapi ‘have arthritis’;
21. šátɨmi ‘be autumn’;
22. tamc̓íc̓iti ‘hail’;
23. táatpasi ‘put on like a shirt’;
24. tilíwali ‘bleed’;
25. tuní ‘strike a match’;
26. t̓úx̣t̓ux̣i ‘rain’;
27. wawáx̣ɨmi ‘be spring’;
28. wɨłq̓ámi ‘put on moccasins’.
29. Productive with borrowed words:
    1. *town*i ‘go to town’;
    2. *watch*i ‘watch’.

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[NP /-hi/.]